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The work aims to reduce exposure to these potential risk factor agrochemicals by describing CKDu characteristics, local agricultural practices, and by developing low-cost, open-source based Living Lab approaches that validate tailored risk mitigation strategies. It further proposes low-cost methods from ecotoxicology and mathematical modeling to support an adaptive decision support system using spatial, temporal, and fuzzy data.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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problem does the dissertation focus on regarding chronic kidney disease?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It focuses on chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in developing countries, where traditional risk factors for CKD cannot explain the observed cases.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Why are agrochemicals considered in the research?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Although a definite causal relationship is not established, agrochemicals are suspected to be associated with CKDu, motivating efforts to reduce exposure.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How does the dissertation develop and validate mitigation strategies?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"It adapts a research and development environment using the Living Lab concept, enabling stakeholders to develop, validate, and improve low-cost risk mitigation strategies related to agrochemical 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mitigation strategies and spatial decision support system  \nby  \nJörg Matthias Rapp from San Miguel de Tucuman ⁄Argentina  \nAccepted Dissertation thesis for the partial fulfilment of the requirements  \nfor a  \nDoctor of Natural Science  \nFachbereich Natur-und Umweltwissenschaften  \nRheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität  \nKaiserslautern-Landau  \nThesis examiners:  \nProf. Dr. Engelbert Niehaus  \nProf. Dr. Ralf Schulz  \nDate of the oral examination: 05.09.2025  \nFrontmatter  \nii  \nKurzfassung/ Abstract  \nAbstract  \nIn developing countries, an increasing number of cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is observed, in which traditional risk factors for CKD can be ruled out. In such cases, the term chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is used. A causal relationship between potential risk factors and the onset of the disease has not been clearly established, yet. However, agrochemicals are suspected to be associated with the disease. This dissertation aims to contribute to the reduction of exposure to the potential risk factor agrochemicals.  \nThe first part of the work describes the characteristics of CKDu, the situation in developing countries, and their agricultural practices. Developing countries and their agricultural sectors are often marked by a lack of financial and infrastructural resources as well as comparatively low levels of education. The occurrence of CKDu has been documented in various regions around the world.  \nBased on this, the second part of the work adapts a research and development environment to local conditions, using the concept Living Lab. The Living Lab serves to develop, validate, and improve tailored risk mitigation strategies concerning agrochemical use. These strategies are introduced by various stakeholders involved in the Living Lab as potential solutions. Both, the Living Lab itself and the resulting risk mitigation measures are designed as lowcost approaches, for instance through the use of open-source software.  \nThe third part of the dissertation describes and develops exemplary low-cost risk mitigation strategies from the fields of ecotoxicology and mathematical modeling. These serve as abase for further development of risk mitigation strategies within the research and development cycle of the Living Lab.  \nIn the final part of the work, various mathematical methods are presented for the development of an adaptive decision support system. This system is capable of processing spatial, temporal, and fuzzy data to generate appropriate decision support related to the potential  \nrisk factor agrochemicals.  \nKurzfassung  \nIn Entwicklungsländern ist eine zunehmende Anzahl von Fällen chronischer Niereninsuffizienz (CKD) zu beobachten, wobei traditionelle Risikofaktoren für CKD ausgeschlossen werden können. In solchen Fällen spricht man von chronischer Niereninsuffizienz unbekannter Herkunft (CKDu) . Eine ursächliche Verbindung zwischen potenziellen Risikofaktoren und dem Auftreten der Krankheit konnte bislang nicht eindeutig nachgewiesen werden. Es besteht jedoch der Verdacht, dass Agrochemikalien mit der Krankheit in Zusammenhang stehen könnten. Die vorliegende Dissertation soll einen Beitrag zur Reduzierung der Exposition gegenüber dem potenziellen Risikofaktor Agrochemikalien leisten.  \nIm ersten Teil der Arbeit werden zunächst die Charakteristika von CKDu, die Situation in Entwicklungsländern sowie die dortige Landwirtschaft beschrieben. Entwicklungsländer und deren Agrarsektor sind häufig durch einen Mangel an finanziellen und infrastrukturellen Ressourcen sowie ein vergleichsweise niedriges Bildungsniveau gekennzeichnet. Das Auftreten von CKDu ist in verschiedenen Regionen weltweit dokumentiert.  \nAuf dieser Grundlage wird im zweiten Teil der Arbeit eine Forschungs-und Entwicklungsumgebung basierend auf dem Konzept des Living Lab an die beschriebenen Gegebenheiten angepasst. Das L","cbCaik2FZ04iCVnh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaik2FZ04iCVnh","pdf",35085253,437,"English","# I Introduction: CKDu, agriculture, pesticides, risk and developing countries\n## 1 Introduction\n## 2 CKDu, pesticides, risk, and the situation in less-developed countries","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the dissertation focus on regarding chronic kidney disease?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in developing countries, where traditional risk factors for CKD cannot explain the observed cases.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are agrochemicals considered in the research?\",\"answer\":\"Although a definite causal relationship is not established, agrochemicals are suspected to be associated with CKDu, motivating efforts to reduce exposure.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the dissertation develop and validate mitigation strategies?\",\"answer\":\"It adapts a research and development environment using the Living Lab concept, enabling stakeholders to develop, validate, and improve low-cost risk mitigation strategies related to agrochemical use.\"}]","Human diseases and exposure to pesticides in developing countries - temporal spatial analysis, risk mitigation strategies and spatial decision support system | PDF",1101]