[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-296915-105":59,"doc-detail-296915-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","human-capital-heterogeneity-and-estimated-degrees-of-intergenerational-mobility","Human Capital, Heterogeneity, and Estimated Degrees of Intergenerational Mobility","","A working paper develops a mathematical model of intergenerational mobility that treats heterogeneity not only as arising from parental income, but also from variability in “innate” earnings ability and from tastes. The framework shows how heterogeneity changes observed consumption and earnings mobility and makes it harder to detect borrowing-constrained families. It also implies that inheritance-based economic and linear statistical models can generate similar intergenerational data. Cross-country differences are interpreted through inherited ability heterogeneity rather than country-specific optimal family responses to human-capital institutions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/human-capital-heterogeneity-and-estimated-degrees-of-intergenerational-mobility/296915/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/human-capital-heterogeneity-and-estimated-degrees-of-intergenerational-mobility/296915.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Sophia Brooks","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-18",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What heterogeneity does the paper model in intergenerational mobility?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It models heterogeneity in parental income, variability and inheritability of “innate” earnings ability, and variability in tastes, and studies how these affect observed mobility.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does heterogeneity influence detecting borrowing constraints?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Heterogeneity increases the difficulty of detecting the existence of borrowing-constrained families.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How does the paper interpret cross-country differences in intergenerational earnings mobility?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"It suggests cross-country differences are more readily interpreted through the heterogeneity of inherited ability rather than optimal family responses to country-specific human-capital institutions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},296915,1789738605,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962084925636,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES  \nHUMAN CAPITAL, HETEROGENEITY, AND ESTIMATED  \nDEGREES OF INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY  \nSong Han  \nCasey B. Mulligan  \nWorking Paper 7678  \n[http://www.nber.org/papers/w7678](http://www.nber.org/papers/w7678)  \nNATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH  \n1050 Massachusetts Avenue  \nCambridge, MA 02138  \nApril 2000  \nWe appreciate the comments of Abhijit V. Banerjee, anonymous referees, Roland Benabou, Steven N. Durlauf, Costas Meghir, and Gary Solon, workshop participants at the University of Chicago, and NBER“Income Distribution and Macroeconomics”program participants. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the National Bureau of Economic Research.  \n© 2000 by Song Han and Casey B. Mulligan. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, maybe quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source.  \nHuman Capital, Heterogeneity, and Estimated Degrees of Intergenerational Mobility Song Ham and Casey B. Mulligan  \nNBER Working Paper No. 7678 April 2000  \nJEL No. J62, J24, E21  \nABSTRACT  \nSome of the important implications of the parental investment model of intergenerational mobility have been derived under the assumption that parental income is the main source of heterogeneity. We explicitly model the variability and inheritability of“innate” earnings ability and the variability of tastes, showing how they affect observed degrees of intergenerational consumption and earnings mobility. Heterogeneity increases the difficulty of detecting the existence of borrowing constrained families. Conversely, the presence of heterogeneity means that economic and linear statistical models of inheritance generate similar intergenerational data on consumption and earnings. In this sense, our findings offer some support for Goldberger's (1989) criticism of human capital models of inheritance. Finally, we suggest that any cross-country differences in intergenerational earnings mobility are more readily interpreted according to the heterogeneity of inherited ability, rather than optimal family responses to country-specific institutions for accumulating human capital.  \nCasey B. Mulligan Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637 and NBER[c-mulligan@uchicago.edu](c-mulligan@uchicago.edu)  \nSong Han  \nSchool of Business Administration University of Mississippi Holman Hall 331  \nUniversity, MS 38677 [shan@bus.olemiss.edu](shan@bus.olemiss.edu)  \n1 Introduction  \nThe relationship between a citizen's economic status and his family background is an important clue for understanding and evaluating a country's economic performance. Some (eg, Bowles 1972) have suggested a close relationship between economic status and family background indicates some failure of labor markets or of institutions fostering investment inhuman capital. Others (eg. , Altonji et al. 1992; Mulligan 1997 Table 4.1) have o􀀋ered an apparently contradictory suggestion, that \\eÆcient\" allocations involve a very close relationship, on some measures, between the economic status of parents and children. Still others 􀀌nd family background e􀀋ects to be the most o􀀋ensive sources of inequality, regardless of whether those e􀀋ects are consistent with \\eÆciency. \"  \nEmpirical studies of this relationship date back to the earliest days of statistical social science (e. g. , Galton's 1869 British study of the \\success\" and \\eminence\" of relatives), and many can be found outside the 􀀌eld of economics (see Goode's 1966 survey for a few examples), but the increasing availability of new data sets for exploring the relationship between earnings, income, wealth, and consumption of parents and, years later, of adult children has appropriately led to new and better econometric estimates of \\intergenerational mobility,\" orthe intergenerational (auto)regression of various measures of economic status, and has even permitt","cbCaisIbmxqzgbmW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisIbmxqzgbmW","pdf",417117,44,"English","# Abstract\n# 1 Introduction\n## Motivation from economic status and family background\n## Related literature on mobility and inheritance models\n# Section 2: The model","[{\"question\":\"What heterogeneity does the paper model in intergenerational mobility?\",\"answer\":\"It models heterogeneity in parental income, variability and inheritability of “innate” earnings ability, and variability in tastes, and studies how these affect observed mobility.\"},{\"question\":\"How does heterogeneity influence detecting borrowing constraints?\",\"answer\":\"Heterogeneity increases the difficulty of detecting the existence of borrowing-constrained families.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper interpret cross-country differences in intergenerational earnings mobility?\",\"answer\":\"It suggests cross-country differences are more readily interpreted through the heterogeneity of inherited ability rather than optimal family responses to country-specific human-capital institutions.\"}]","Human Capital, Heterogeneity, and Estimated Degrees of Intergenerational Mobility | PDF",111]