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Many HPVs resist disinfectants and tolerate external conditions, and no drug currently blocks viral replication; therapy focuses on lesion removal or immune stimulation. The review systematizes HPV types using literature and GenBank data, details pathogenesis with emphasis on E6, E7, and other viral proteins, and surveys emerging treatment prospects.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/hpv-infectionsclassification-pathogenesis-and-potential-new-therapies/339792/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/hpv-infectionsclassification-pathogenesis-and-potential-new-therapies/339792.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Oliver","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"How many HPV types have been identified and why is HPV still a major health concern?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"More than 400 HPV types have been identified. Even with prophylactic vaccines for common genital types, HPV remains among the most prevalent human pathogens and is linked to a substantial fraction of cancers.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What role do persistent infections play in disease outcomes?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Although most infected individuals remain asymptomatic and eliminate the virus, some develop persistent or recurrent benign lesions. Others progress to precancerous lesions and cancer.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Why are current therapies limited, and what new treatment directions are discussed?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"No drug is yet available to inhibit viral replication directly, so treatment relies on removing lesions or stimulating the host immune system. Future prospects discussed include blocking HPV entry into cells, inhibiting viral early proteins, plant-origin replication inhibitors, and therapeutic vaccines.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},339792,1790512264,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},8796095461610,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Review  \nHPV Infections—Classification, Pathogenesis, and Potential New Therapies  \nBeata Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska * and Lidia Rudnicka  \nCitation: Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska, B.; Rudnicka, L. HPV Infections—Classification, Pathogenesis, and Potential New Therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 7616. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms25147616](10.3390/ijms25147616)  \nAcademic Editors: Mattia Mori and Ilaria Vicenti  \nReceived: 10 May 2024  \nRevised: 2 July 2024  \nAccepted: 8 July 2024  \nPublished: 11 July 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nDepartment of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; [lidia.rudnicka@wum.edu.pl](lidia.rudnicka@wum.edu.pl)  \n* [Correspondence: beata.mlynarczyk-bonikowska@wum.edu.pl](Correspondence: beata.mlynarczyk-bonikowska@wum.edu.pl)  \nAbstract: To date, more than 400 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been identified. Despite the creation of effective prophylactic vaccines against the most common genital HPVs, the viruses remain among the most prevalent pathogens found in humans. According to WHO data, they are the cause of 5% of all cancers. Even more frequent are persistent and recurrent benign lesions such as genital and common warts. HPVs are resistant to many disinfectants and relatively unsusceptible to external conditions. There is still no drug available to inhibit viral replication, and treatment is based on removing lesions or stimulating the host immune system. This paper presents the systematics of HPV and the differences in HPV structure between different genetic types, lineages, and sublineages, based on the literature and GenBank data. We also present the pathogenesis of diseases caused by HPV, with a special focus on the role played by E6, E7, and other viral proteins in the development of benign and cancerous lesions. We discuss further prospects for the treatment of HPV infections, including, among others, substances that block the entry of HPV into cells, inhibitors of viral early proteins, and some substances of plant origin that inhibit viral replication, as well as new possibilities for therapeutic vaccines.  \nKeywords: HPV; systematics; pathogenesis; vaccines; pharmacological therapy  \n1. Introduction  \nHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, envelopeless viruses containing circular double-stranded DNA. More than 400 types of HPV are known, of which, depending on the database, more than 180 to more than 220 are fully classified. HPVs are among the most common pathogens affecting humans and genital HPV infection is considered the most common sexually transmitted disease. It is estimated that approximately one in ten sexually active women with normal cytology may be affected by current genital HPV infection. By the age of 45, the probability of HPV infection for sexually active individuals is assessed to be over 80%[1–3] . Although the majority of those infected remain asymptomatic and eliminate the infection, some individuals may experience persistent or recurrent benign lesions, while others may develop precancerous lesions and cancer. According to the WHO, HPV infections are responsible for approximately 5% of all cancers worldwide, and every year 625,600 women and 69,400 men develop cancer due to HPV infection [4] . Almost all cases (99.7%) of cervical cancer are caused by HPV and 80% of all cancers caused by HPV are cervical. However, HPV infections are also responsible for a large proportion of anal (71–90%), vaginal (65–74%), penile (43–63%), vulvar (43–74%), and head and neck cancers (10–70%) [5,6] .  \n2. A Brief Historical Overview of HPV Research  \nThe first descriptions of genital a","cbCaiqAyHJviUu3b","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqAyHJviUu3b","pdf",1411704,33,"English","# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction\n# 2. A Brief Historical Overview of HPV Research\n# 3. Classification of HPV","[{\"question\":\"How many HPV types have been identified and why is HPV still a major health concern?\",\"answer\":\"More than 400 HPV types have been identified. Even with prophylactic vaccines for common genital types, HPV remains among the most prevalent human pathogens and is linked to a substantial fraction of cancers.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do persistent infections play in disease outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Although most infected individuals remain asymptomatic and eliminate the virus, some develop persistent or recurrent benign lesions. Others progress to precancerous lesions and cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are current therapies limited, and what new treatment directions are discussed?\",\"answer\":\"No drug is yet available to inhibit viral replication directly, so treatment relies on removing lesions or stimulating the host immune system. Future prospects discussed include blocking HPV entry into cells, inhibiting viral early proteins, plant-origin replication inhibitors, and therapeutic vaccines.\"}]","HPV Infections—Classification, Pathogenesis, and Potential New Therapies | PDF",1790032242,83]