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Using major transit bus-system changes over time, it evaluates how total travel time and required bus transfers influence both listing schools and enrollment. Results show that longer commutes and multi-bus trips reduce students’ likelihood of listing a school, while easier access increases enrollment in selective enrollment high schools. Findings persist after accounting for student and school characteristics, including locations.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/how-transportation-shapes-school-choice-evidence-from-baltimore-city-public-schools-improving-education-policy-brief-july-2025/587817/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/how-transportation-shapes-school-choice-evidence-from-baltimore-city-public-schools-improving-education-policy-brief-july-2025/587817.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Melati","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-12","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How does commuting difficulty affect students’ school choice listings in Baltimore?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Students are less likely to list a school when total travel time is longer or when the trip requires multiple buses. The brief reports measurable decreases in listing likelihood per additional travel time and for commutes involving bus transfers.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What makes students more likely to enroll in selective enrollment high schools?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Students are more likely to enroll in selective enrollment (generally higher performing) high schools when those schools are easier to commute to from home.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How does the study use transit changes to identify the impact on school choice?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The study compares school selections and enrollment of students living in the same place before and after major bus-system changes associated with BaltimoreLink, estimating how transportation changes affect choice behavior.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},587817,1792105704,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962085570644,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","How Transportation Shapes School Choice:  \nEvidence from Baltimore City Public Schools  \nJulia Burdick-Will, Johns Hopkins University Marc L . Stein, Improving Education Policy Brief | July 2025  \nOverview  \nBaltimore’s system of school choice requires students and families to select their high schools rather than be assigned one based on where they live. While this system provides flexibility, challenges related to distance and commuting remain, especially for those students who rely on public transportation to get to school. In this study, we use major changes to the bus system over time to examine the effect of commuting difficulty on school choice. We draw the following conclusions:  \n• Students are less likely to list a school when the total travel time is longer or when it takes multiple buses to get there.  \n• Students are more likely to enroll in selective enrollment (generally higher performing) high schools when they are easier to get to.  \nBackground: Baltimore City Context  \nAll Baltimore City High Schools are assigned using an open enrollment system. Every year, rising ninth graders choose from available schools and rank their top five choices. If more students apply to a school than there are spaces available, the school uses a lottery to decide who gets in. The city has seven selective enrollment high schools which admit students based on middle school grades, attendance, and test scores.  \nStudents must find their own way to school each day, as the Baltimore City Public School System does not provide its own bus service. Students can get a public transportation pass provided by the State of Maryland if they live more than one and a half miles from their school. The pass can be used on the bus, metro, and light rail systems. The metro and light rail systems in the city are small and have few routes, meaning that students who rely on mass transit mostly ride public buses. The number of students who walk to school is unknown, but past research shows that less than a third of students in Baltimore primarily use a car to get to school, meaning that public bus transportation is the most common mode of travel.  \nTransportation challenges and the impact of commuting on student experiences have been topics of research in the past. However, there have been few studies which assess how commuting difficulty affects school choice. Some research shows that families prefer more convenient schools and that the farther a school is, the less likely students are to choose it. Another study highlights how long and difficult commutes negatively impact academic outcomes for students. While most existing research focuses on the distance from a student’s home to their school and its effect on school choice, few examine what happens during the commute itself. Our research fills that gap by exploring how factors like total travel time and bus transfers affect students’ school preferences and enrollment.  \nFigure 1 provides an illustration of the transportation overhaul in 2017, called BaltimoreLink, which abruptly changed the time and complexity of commutes across the city. BaltimoreLink was implemented to address previous problems with the public transportation system related to unreliability, crowding and slow service. The new system added 12 new high-frequency bus routes, re-routed existing bus lines, created dedicated bus lanes on certain streets, created and improved transfer facilities, and changed the transit schedule. The orange lines in Figure 1 depict the new high-frequency routes added and the gray lines show local bus routes. We compare the school selections and enrollment of students living in the same place before and after the changes to estimate the effect of transportation on school choice. Our method is described in more detail in the “How Did We Carry Out the Analysis” section at the end of this report.  \nFigure 1: Baltimore CityLink Changes to the Transit System (launched in 2017)  \nSource: Authors’ calculation based","cbCait83anA8KQRh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCait83anA8KQRh","pdf",372100,"English","# Overview\n# Background: Baltimore City Context\n# Findings\n## Impact on listing schools\n## Impact on selective enrollment enrollment","[{\"question\":\"How does commuting difficulty affect students’ school choice listings in Baltimore?\",\"answer\":\"Students are less likely to list a school when total travel time is longer or when the trip requires multiple buses. The brief reports measurable decreases in listing likelihood per additional travel time and for commutes involving bus transfers.\"},{\"question\":\"What makes students more likely to enroll in selective enrollment high schools?\",\"answer\":\"Students are more likely to enroll in selective enrollment (generally higher performing) high schools when those schools are easier to commute to from home.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study use transit changes to identify the impact on school choice?\",\"answer\":\"The study compares school selections and enrollment of students living in the same place before and after major bus-system changes associated with BaltimoreLink, estimating how transportation changes affect choice behavior.\"}]","How Transportation Shapes School Choice - Evidence from Baltimore City Public Schools - Improving Education Policy Brief July 2025 | PDF",1792063196,15]