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How to Digitise Bridge Structures—A Systematic Review of the Status Quo for Creating Digital BIM Models of Existing Bridge Structures in the Operational Phase. Infrastructures 2025, 10, 47. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)infrastructures10030047  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \n1 Institute for Construction Management, Digital Engineering and Robotics in Construction, RWTH Aachen University, Jülicher Str. 209 d, 52070 Aachen, Germany; [eva.heinlein@rwth-aachen.de](eva.heinlein@rwth-aachen.de) (E.H.); [goelzhaeuser@icom.rwth-aachen.de](goelzhaeuser@icom.rwth-aachen.de) (P.G.); [klemt-albert@icom.rwth-aachen.de](klemt-albert@icom.rwth-aachen.de) (K.K.-A.)  \n2 Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering INATECH, University of Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Straße 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; [maximilian.kellner@ipm.fraunhofer.de](maximilian.kellner@ipm.fraunhofer.de) (M.K.);  \nalexander.reiterer@ipm.fraunhofer.de (A.R.)  \n3 Department Object and Shape Detection, Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Georges-Köhler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, Germany  \n* Correspondence: jaekel@icom.rwth-aachen.de  \nAbstract: In recent decades, the condition of many bridge structures has deteriorated and the need for maintenance measures has increased. Until now, these maintenance measures have mainly been carried out manually and reactively. The use of digital 3D models based on Building Information Modelling (BIM) can remedy this situation and create the basis for predictive maintenance management. While the generation of 3D models of newbridge structures is simple, the digitization of existing structures can be a complex process. This article provides an overview of the state of the scientific practice with regard to the procedures, technologies and data used to generate 3D models of existing bridge structures using the BIM method. Using a systematic literature analysis, scientific databases are searched for suitable literature and analysed with predefined filtering parameters. The results provide a uniform understanding of the current status quo of the digitisation of existing bridge structures and show existing degrees of digitisation and automation.  \nKeywords: laserscan; bridge structure; BIM; 3D-model; Scan2BIM  \n1. Introduction  \nIn recent years, the application of Building Information Modelling (BIM) has gained significant traction in the field of bridge construction, primarily focusing on the design and construction phases. However, the operational phase of bridge structures remains underexplored in practice [1], particularly regarding the integration of BIM methodologies for ongoing management and maintenance. This oversight is especially concerning given the current state of infrastructure in many industrialised countries. The 2021 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, a publication by the American Society of Civil Engineers, asserts that over a third of bridges in the USA are in need of repair and preservation work [2] . A similar situation can be observed in Germany, where a special summit on bridge infrastructure has highligh","cbCaih31j7Ou6PH3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaih31j7Ou6PH3","pdf",4547054,38,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction\n# 2. Methodology","[{\"question\":\"Why is digitising existing bridge structures important for maintenance?\",\"answer\":\"Many bridges are deteriorating and maintenance is often carried out manually and reactively. Digital BIM-based 3D models can provide a foundation for predictive maintenance management during the operational phase.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the article focus on regarding digital BIM model creation?\",\"answer\":\"It reviews the state of scientific practice on the procedures, technologies, and data used to generate 3D models of existing bridge structures using BIM, especially with Scan2BIM approaches.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the systematic literature review conducted?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses a systematic literature analysis with predefined filtering parameters, searching scientific databases for suitable open-access, English-language articles and evaluating identified studies through a structured process.\"}]","How to Digitise Bridge Structures - A Systematic Review of the Status Quo for Creating Digital BIM Models of Existing Bridge Structures in the Operational Phase - Jan-Iwo Jäkel and Colleagues Review | PDF",1792844203,96]