[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-86647-en":3,"doc-seo-86647-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},86647,1099514067438,"River Wang","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539ee87300030?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780474512215547542",2,"Literature","How to Change the World An Introduction to Alain Badiou’s Subtractive Ontology","Alain Badiou’s diagnosis frames the contemporary world as caught in a double-edged crisis: objective crises tied to capitalism, and subjective crises marked by an obscure, futureless vision that complicates responses to the objective breakdown. The work outlines a four-part solution to these crises: an affirmative logic against the crisis of negativity; an ontology enabling radical immanent change; an ethics that exceeds universal human-rights and ethics of difference or compassion; and a renewed theory of the subject.","KRITIKE VOLUME ELEVEN NUMBER TWO (DECEMEBER 2017) 160-197  \nArticle  \nHow to Change the World: An Introduction to Alain Badiou’s Subtractive Ontology, Militant  \n Subjectivity, and Ethic of Truths 1  \nKelly Louise Rexzy P. Agra  \nAbstract: In one of Alain Badiou’s interviews, he diagnoses that today’s world is suffering from a double-edged crisis. At the objective level, we have the crises brought about by capitalism. But at the sametime, he notes that at the subjective level, we are confronted with an obscure vision of the future, which makes the solution to the objective crisis more problematic.  \nThis work provides a concise introduction to what I refer to as the four-part solution of Badiou to the existing crises the contemporary world is faced with. This consists of, first, founding of an affirmative logic to combat the crisis of negativity in contemporary philosophy. Second, laying down an ontology capable of thinking about the possibility of radical immanent change as a response to the declaration regarding the end of metaphysics. Third, constructing anew understanding of ethics that can go beyond the limitations of an ethics based on universal human rights and ethics of difference or compassion. And fourth, a new theory of the subject that shall serve asa manifesto for a new form of subjectivity as is required in the contemporary world.  \nKeywords: Badiou, subtractive ontology, militant subjectivity, ethic of truths  \n1 Earlier versions of the Introduction and Parts 1 and 2 have been published under the CSSTRP conference proceedings; Kelly Agra, “Thinking in the End Times: From Logic to Anthropology,” in Social Science Teaching, Research and Practice: Consolidating Lessons and Charting Directions (Conference Papers, Vol. 1), [ed. by](ed. by) Lorelei C. Mendoza (Baguio City: College of Social Sciences, University of the Philippines Baguio, 2016), 89-106. Also, some discussions have been lifted from Kelly Agra,“The World as ‘Is’ and the World as ‘Ought’: Contemporary Philosophy and the Crisis of Subjectivity,” in Philosophy in the Contemporary World 22:2 (2015), 68-79.  \n© 2017 Kelly Louise Rexzy P. Agra [https://www.kritike.org/journal/issue_21/agra_december2017.pdf](https://www.kritike.org/journal/issue_21/agra_december2017.pdf)[ ](https://www.kritike.org/journal/issue_21/agra_december2017.pdf)[ISSN 1908-7330](ISSN 1908-7330)  \nK. AGRA 161  \nI am a philosopher. And I think that the business of a philosopher is to be optimistic…Because if you are pessimistic, finally, there is no use of yourself. Because to be pessimistic, there is no necessity to be a philosopher, the situation suffices. And so, to say to people something which can be useful for them, we must have some hope to transform the world, and go to the direction of a better world, if it is possible.  \n—Alain Badiou2  \nIntroduction: The World as ‘Is’ is in Crisis  \nOne of the famous scholars of the late twentieth century, Francis  \nFukuyama, wrote in his article “The End of History?” that “liberal  \ndemocracy may constitute the ‘end point of mankind’s ideological evolution’ and‘the final form of human government,’ and as such constituted the ‘end of history.”3  \nThe philosopher Slavoj Žižek in his book Living in the End Times, diagnoses contemporary society and confronts the question, what kind of‘end time’ are we living in? Insofar as Fukuyama is concerned, this consists of liberal democracy having reached the peak of its ideal, and that the best course of action is the complete implementation of the principles of liberty and equality.4 Mark Fisher, in addressing the question, “Is there no alternative?” echoes the sardonic remark of Fredric Jameson and Slavoj Žižek: as if “it is easier to imagine the end of the world than it is to imagine the end of capitalism.”5 Sardonic, I say, because Žižek in Living in the End Times asserts the opposite: liberal democracy with its twin economic model, capitalism, is“approaching an apocalyptic zero-point.”6 For him, the inc","cbCaihAG8ciELTwy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihAG8ciELTwy","pdf",1002124,1,38,"English","en",105,"# Introduction: The World as ‘Is’ is in Crisis\n## Objective and subjective crises\n## Affirmative logic against negativity\n## Ontology for radical immanent change\n## Ethics beyond universal rights and compassion\n## New theory of the subject","[{\"question\":\"What double-edged crisis does Badiou identify in the contemporary world?\",\"answer\":\"The objective level is marked by crises produced by capitalism, while the subjective level faces an obscure vision of the future that makes solutions harder to formulate.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the four-part solution proposed by the work?\",\"answer\":\"It includes: (1) establishing an affirmative logic to counter negativity; (2) developing an ontology for radical immanent change; (3) constructing an ethics that goes beyond universal human rights and ethics of difference/compassion; and (4) proposing a new theory of the subject as a model for militant subjectivity.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the introduction relate philosophers like Fukuyama, Žižek, and Fisher to the idea of “end times”?\",\"answer\":\"Fukuyama ties the “end of history” to liberal democracy; Žižek contrasts this by arguing capitalism and liberal democracy move toward an apocalyptic zero-point; and Fisher echoes the claim that imagining the end of capitalism is harder than imagining the end of the world.\"}]",1784238061,59,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"how-to-change-the-world-an-introduction-to-alain-badious-subtractive-ontology","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,52,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,46,49],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":47,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":50,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/how-to-change-the-world-an-introduction-to-alain-badious-subtractive-ontology/86647/",4,{"url":50,"name":13,"@type":53,"author":54,"headline":13,"publisher":56,"fileFormat":59,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":60,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":59,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":55},"Person",{"url":40,"name":57,"@type":58},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-18","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What double-edged crisis does Badiou identify in the contemporary world?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"The objective level is marked by crises produced by capitalism, while the subjective level faces an obscure vision of the future that makes solutions harder to formulate.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"What is the four-part solution proposed by the work?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"It includes: (1) establishing an affirmative logic to counter negativity; (2) developing an ontology for radical immanent change; (3) constructing an ethics that goes beyond universal human rights and ethics of difference/compassion; and (4) proposing a new theory of the subject as a model for militant subjectivity.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"How does the introduction relate philosophers like Fukuyama, Žižek, and Fisher to the idea of “end times”?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"Fukuyama ties the “end of history” to liberal democracy; Žižek contrasts this by arguing capitalism and liberal democracy move toward an apocalyptic zero-point; and Fisher echoes the claim that imagining the end of capitalism is harder than imagining the end of the world.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":50,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":57,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":50},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,99,103,108,113,118,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},80,"literature",{"id":51,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":104,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":109,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":114,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]