[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-115499-en":3,"doc-seo-115499-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":93},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},115499,1099523885336,"Violet","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","How polarization begets polarization - ideological extremism in the U.S. Congress","The book examines how ideological polarization can amplify itself within the U.S. Congress, tracing origins and mechanisms that make polarization increasingly durable. It analyzes how party discipline shapes candidate positions and why differences emerge even in highly competitive districts, highlighting heterogeneity across districts and the partisan gap within districts. It then studies consequences of polarized politics, focusing on party loyalty, activists, and mobilization of the base, and concludes with discussion and synthesis of key findings.","HOW POLARIZATION BEGETS POLARIZATION  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nHOW POLARIZATION BEGETS POLARIZATION  \nIDEOLOGICAL EXTREMISM IN THE US  \nCONGRESS  \nSAMUEL MERRILL III, BERNARD GROFMAN, AND THOMAS L.  \nBRUNELL  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nOxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries.  \nPublished in the United States of America by Oxford University Press  \n198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.  \n© Oxford University Press 2024  \nAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any  \nacquirer.  \nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Merrill, Samuel, 1939– author. | Grofman, Bernard, author. | Brunell, Thomas L. (Thomas Lloyd), 1968– author.  \nTitle: How polarization begets polarization : ideological extremism in the  \nU.S. Congress / Samuel Merrill III, Bernard Grofman, Thomas L. Brunell. Other titles: Ideological extremism in the United States Congress  \nDescription: New York, NY : Oxford University Press,[2024] | Includes bibliographical references and index.  \nIdentifiers: LCCN 2023017662 (print) | LCCN 2023017663 (ebook) | ISBN 9780197745236 (PB) | ISBN 9780197745229 (HB) | ISBN 9780197745250 (epub) | ISBN 9780197745243 (ebook) | ISBN 9780197745267 (ebook other)  \nSubjects: LCSH: United States. Congress. | Polarization (Social sciences)—Political aspects—United States. | Political parties—United States. | Right and left (Political science)—United States. | Radicalism—United States—21st century. |  \nOpposition (Political science)—United States. | United States—Politics and government—21st century.  \nClassification: LCC JK1726 .M475 2024 (print) | LCC JK1726 (ebook) | DDC 306.2/60973—dc23/eng/20230609 LC record available at [https://lccn.loc.gov/2023017662](https://lccn.loc.gov/2023017662)[ ](https://lccn.loc.gov/2023017662)LC ebook record available at [https://lccn.loc.gov/2023017663](https://lccn.loc.gov/2023017663)[ ](https://lccn.loc.gov/2023017663)DOI: 10. 1093/oso/9780197745229 .001.0001  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nContents  \nAcknowledgments  \nPART I: WHERE DID POLARIZATION COME FROM AND WHY IS IT  \nGETTING WORSE?  \n1. Making Sense of Polarization  \n2. How Does Party Discipline Generate Polarization?  \n3. Why, Even in Highly Competitive Districts, Are Candidate Positions  \nSo Different?  \n4. Heterogeneity across Districts and within-District Partisan Gap and  \nProclivity  \nPART II: CONSEQUENCES OF POLARIZATION  \n5. How Do Party Loyalty and Activists Encourage Mobilizing the Base?  \n6. Consequences of Polarized Politics  \n7. Discussion and Conclusions  \nAppendix to Chapter 1: Literature Review on Causes of Polarization  \nAppendix to Chapter 2: The Party-Constraint Model  \nAppendix to Chapter 3: Relation between Candidate and District Ideology:  \nStatistical and Theoretical Analyses  \nAppendix to Chapter 4: Components of Legislative Polarization  \nAppendix to Chapter 5: Derivations for the Appeal-to-the-Base Model  \nAppendix to Chapter 6: Derivations Relating to Chamber and Party  \nMedians  \nBibliography Index  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nAcknowledgments  \nAcademic research, unlike Athena, does not spring whole from the brow of Zeus; rather, it builds on the work of many scholars. In p","cbCaicmu1Gog6SH9","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicmu1Gog6SH9","pdf",6881705,5,1,210,"English","en",105,"# Contents\n## Part I: Where Did Polarization Come From and Why Is It Getting Worse?\n## 1. Making Sense of Polarization\n## 2. How Does Party Discipline Generate Polarization?\n## 3. Why, Even in Highly Competitive Districts, Are Candidate Positions So Different?\n## 4. Heterogeneity across Districts and within-District Partisan Gap and Proclivity\n## Part II: Consequences of Polarization\n## 5. How Do Party Loyalty and Activists Encourage Mobilizing the Base?\n## 6. Consequences of Polarized Politics\n## 7. Discussion and Conclusions\n## Appendix to Chapter 1\n## Appendix to Chapter 2\n## Appendix to Chapter 3\n## Appendix to Chapter 4\n## Appendix to Chapter 5\n## Appendix to Chapter 6\n## Bibliography\n## Index","[{\"question\":\"How does the book explain the origin of polarization in the U.S. Congress?\",\"answer\":\"It links polarization’s emergence to mechanisms such as party discipline and the way it structures candidate behavior across districts.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are candidate positions so different even in highly competitive districts?\",\"answer\":\"The book argues that polarization is sustained by heterogeneity across districts and by within-district partisan gaps and candidate proclivity.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the consequences of polarized politics described in the book?\",\"answer\":\"It explains how party loyalty and activists reinforce mobilization of the base, and it develops broader implications before offering discussion and conclusions.\"}]","How polarization begets polarization - ideological extremism in the U.S. Congress | PDF",1785474147,529,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":88,"head_meta":90,"extra_data":92,"updated_unix":29},"how-polarization-begets-polarization-ideological-extremism-in-the-us-congress","",{"@graph":37,"@context":87},[38,55,70],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":54},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/how-polarization-begets-polarization-ideological-extremism-in-the-us-congress/115499/",4,{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":56,"author":57,"headline":13,"publisher":59,"fileFormat":62,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":63,"datePublished":64,"encodingFormat":62,"isAccessibleForFree":65,"interactionStatistic":66},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":58},"Person",{"url":42,"name":60,"@type":61},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-18","2026-07-31",true,{"@type":67,"interactionType":68,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":69},"ViewAction",{"@type":71,"mainEntity":72},"FAQPage",[73,79,83],{"name":74,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":76},"How does the book explain the origin of polarization in the U.S. Congress?","Question",{"text":77,"@type":78},"It links polarization’s emergence to mechanisms such as party discipline and the way it structures candidate behavior across districts.","Answer",{"name":80,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":81},"Why are candidate positions so different even in highly competitive districts?",{"text":82,"@type":78},"The book argues that polarization is sustained by heterogeneity across districts and by within-district partisan gaps and candidate proclivity.",{"name":84,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":85},"What are the consequences of polarized politics described in the book?",{"text":86,"@type":78},"It explains how party loyalty and activists reinforce mobilization of the base, and it develops broader implications before offering discussion and conclusions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":53,"og:type":89,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":60,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":91,"canonical":53},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":94},[95,99,103,107,111,116,121,124,129,132,136],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":96,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":54,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":20,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]