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The study applies Montessori principles by using brief, simple, objective tasks focused on technique as isolated learning details, combined with freedom of procedure. A stepwise collection of tasks supports ongoing engagement and is examined through pupils aged nine to twelve. Results show tasks initiate engagement, and joint presentations sustain it, producing well-considered designs and improved relationships.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/how-focus-creates-engagement-in-primary-design-and-technology-education-the-effect-of-well-defined-tasks-and-joint-presentations-on-a-class-of-nine-to-twelve-years-old-pupils/599984/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/how-focus-creates-engagement-in-primary-design-and-technology-education-the-effect-of-well-defined-tasks-and-joint-presentations-on-a-class-of-nine-to-twelve-years-old-pupils/599984.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"nayy☆","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":33},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What does the document identify as the role of engagement in Design and Technology classes?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"Engagement is needed to begin creative hands-on work and to signal pupils’ creative thinking. 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Klapwijk, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Marc J. de Vries, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands  \nAbstract  \nDuring a Design and Technology class, engagement is both required to start creative hands-on work and a sign of pupil’s creative thinking. To find ways to achieve engagement, we can look to the Montessori tradition. Due to the fact that learning is regarded as feeding insight through experimenting, tasks have to offer pupils the opportunity to gain knowledge about isolated details of the learning situation. This is realised by brief, simple and objective tasks combined with liberty to approach the hands-on work in one’s own way. Applied to Design and Technology, we can define brief, simple and objective tasks with a focus on a technique as an isolated detail of the learning situation. Offering liberty during hands-on work enables creative thinking. The deployment of well-defined tasks with a focus on a technique is possible by dividing a complex assignment into a collection of brief tasks with single problems and working towards single objectives in the topic, making use of a single technique. Such a collection is a format that has the potential to enable ongoing engagement. This case-study researches the actual effect of a stepwise organised collection of tasks on the design performance of pupils of nine to twelve years old. The results show that the tasks turned out to be useful in initiating engagement. In combination with joint presentations, ongoing engagement was achieved resulting in well-considered designs and products. In addition, dialogue with disengaged pupils delivered solutions towards engagement. As a side-effect of dialogue the teacher-pupil relationships and the pupil-pupil relationships improved.  \nKeywords  \nengagement, active Montessori approach, Design and Technology, creative hands-on work, stepwise approach, joint presentations.  \nFigure 1. Exposition of chairs  \nIntroduction  \nCreative hands-on work, the creative handling of something with a technique as a means, is an essential element of the Design and Technology class. When pupils in class are disengaged, they not only signal absence of creative thinking, but they are also unready to instantly start creative hands-on work and they can distract other pupils in class.  \nAn important part of creative hands-on work is discovery towards insight. Discovery only can arise when pupils are experimenting. To allow experimenting, liberty is necessary. Pupils have to be in charge of the determination of the focus of their attention to be enabled to accomplish the spontaneous activity that accompanies experimenting. The hampering of pupil’s liberty, by forcing or nudging them to do something in a certain way, blocks the process of discovery. Not only liberty determines pupils’ situational autonomy (Candy, 1987), but also the complexity of the learning environment. Overwhelming them stops the process of discovery (Dewey, 1910) . Both the learning situation and the demands of the teacher can overwhelm them.  \nMontessori views a task as an experiment. In the Montessori tradition it is therefore common practice to apply the principle of liberty and the principle of avoiding overwhelming complexity. According to Montessori, liberty will lead to spontaneous activity. Therefore freedom of procedure during the performance of a task is required. The provocation of unnatural effort hampers liberty and blocks spontaneous activity (Gutek, 2004, p. 124) . For the avoiding of overwhelming complexity pupils require brief, simple and objective tasks (Gutek, 2004, p. 124) . About her method, Montessori writes: “(my) pedagogic experiments are designed to educate the senses”(Fig. 2)“(From earlie","cbCaiu25wcZoE6UL","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiu25wcZoE6UL","pdf",855192,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What does the document identify as the role of engagement in Design and Technology classes?\",\"answer\":\"Engagement is needed to begin creative hands-on work and to signal pupils’ creative thinking. It also helps pupils be ready to start activity and reduces distraction for others.\"},{\"question\":\"How do well-defined tasks relate to Montessori principles in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The approach treats tasks like experiments and uses brief, simple, objective prompts focused on a technique. Freedom of procedure during hands-on work supports creative thinking and discovery.\"},{\"question\":\"What additional method helps sustain engagement beyond the task collection?\",\"answer\":\"Joint presentations are combined with the stepwise tasks to achieve ongoing engagement, leading to well-considered designs and products.\"}]","How focus creates engagement in Primary Design and Technology Education - The effect of well-defined tasks and joint presentations on a class of nine to twelve years old pupils | PDF",1792089812,48]