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Using an input-output framework, it examines how amounts of educational resources relate to outcomes, and it also considers process, organizational, evaluation, and experimental approaches. Results show school resources are not consistently linked to outcomes, while peer-group effects are complex. Key implications are that no variant system has been proven consistently related to outcomes, higher spending on traditional practices is unlikely to improve outcomes substantially, and reductions in misdirected expenditures may occur without 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central question does the report address about educational effectiveness?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It assesses what is known about the determinants of educational effectiveness and asks whether existing resources, processes, and organizations in primary and secondary education have an appreciable impact on achievement.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the report analyze the relationship between resources and outcomes?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It uses an input-output approach to analyze how the amounts of various resources provided to students relate to educational outcomes.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What major implications does the report draw from the reviewed research?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It finds that no variant of the existing system is consistently related to outcomes, that increasing expenditures on traditional practices is unlikely to improve outcomes substantially, and that opportunities may exist to 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\nNOTE  \nEDRS PRICE  \nDESCRIPTORS  \nABSTRACT  \nDOCUMENT RESUME  \nAverch,Harvey A.;And Others  \nHow Effective Is Schooling?A Critical Review andSynthesis of Research Findings.Rand Corp.,Santa Monica,calif、  \nPresident's Commission on school Finance,Washington,  \n249p.  \nMF-$0.65 HC-$9.87  \n*Academic Achievement;Background;ComparativeAnalysis;Data Analysis;*Educational Finance;*Educational Resources;Evaluation;Expenditures;*Factor Analysis;*Literature Reviews;Organizations(Groups);Peer Groups;Peer Relationship;ProblemSolving;Research;Research Methodology;RolePerception;Surveys;Teaching Techniques  \nThe results of a critical survey of research oneducational effectiveness,performed to assess the current state ofknowledge regarding the determinants of educational outcomes,arereported.An input-output approach was used to analyze the  \nrelationship between the amount.s of various resources provided tostudents and the educational outcomes.Other approaches used were theprocess approach,the organizational approach,the evaluationapproach,and the experimental approach.It was found that schoolresources are ot consistently important,and that the role ofpeer-group influences is complex.Major implications of the researchinclude the following:(1)Research has not identified a variant ofthe existing system chat is consistently related to students'educational outcomes;(2)Increasing expenditures on traditionaleducational practices is not likely to improve educational outcomessubstantially;and (3)There seem to be opportunities for significantreduction of redirection of educational expenditures without  \ndeterioration in educational outcones.(For related document,see ED058473.)(Author/CK)  \nA 000 799  \n# HOW EFFECTIVE IS SCHOOLING?A Critical Review and Synthesisof Research Findings\n\nPrepared byThe Rand Corporation  \nTHIS IS ONE OF SEVERAL REPORTS PREPARED FOR THIS COMMISSION.TO AID IN OUR DELIBERATIONS,WE HAVE SOUGHT THE BEST QUALIFIEDPEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS TO CONDUCT THE MANY STUDY PROJECTS RE-LATING TO OUR BROAD MANDATE。   COMMISSION STAFF MEMBERS HAVEALSO PREPARED CERTAIN REPORTS.  \nWE ARE PUBLISHING THEM ALL SO THAT OTHERS MAY HAVE ACCESS TOTHE SAME COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THESE SUBJECTS THAT THE COM-MISSION SOUGHT TO OBTAIN.IN OUR OWN FINAL REPORT WE WILL NOT BE.ABLE TO ADDRESS IN DETAIL EVERY ASPECT OF EACH AREA STUDIED,  BUTTHOSE WHO SEEK ADDITIONAL INSIGHTS INTO THE COMPLEX PROBLEMS OFEDUCATION JN GENERAL AND SCHOOL FINANCE IN PARTICULAR WILL FINDMUCH CONTAINED IN THESE PROJECT REPORTS.  \nWE HAVE FOUND MUCH OF VALUE IN THEY.FOR OUR·OWN DELIBERA-TIONS.   THE FACT THAT WE ARE NOW PUBLISHING THEM,HOWEVER,SHOULD IN NO SENSE BE VIEWED AS ENDORSEMENT OF ANY OR ALL OFTHEIR FINDINGS AND CONCLUS IONS.  THE COMMISSION HAS REVIEWED THISREPORT AND THE OTHERS BUT HAS DRAWN II'S OWN CONCLUSIONS AND WILLOFFER ITS OWN ]ECOMMENDATIONS.THE FINAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONMAY WELL BE AT VARIANCE WITH OR IN OPPOSITION TO VIEWS AND RECOM-MENDATIONS CONTAINED JN THIS AND OTHER PROJECT REPORTS.  \n# The President's Commissionon Schoo1 Finance\n\nNei1H.McE1roy,ChairmanMary T.BrooksWi1lam G.ColmanHilda A.DavisJohn B.Davis,Jr.John H.FischerDorothy M.FordNorman FrancisEugene GonzalesWarren P.KnowlesDevid H.KurtzmanDuane MattheisWi1liam E.McManusWendel1 H.PierceWi1liam G.Saltonstal1W.B.ThompsonClarence WaltonIvan E.Zy1stra  \nNorman Karsh,Executive Director  \nHOW EFFECTIVE IS SCHOOLING?  \n# A.Critical Review and Synthesisof Research Findings\n\nby  \nHarvey A.AverchStephen J.Carrol1Theodore S.DonaldsonHerbert J.KieslingJohn Pincus  \n# Final Report to The President'sComnission on Schoo1 Finance\n\nDecember 1971  \nThe Rand Corporation,Santa Monica,California 90406  \nERIC  \n15.50  \n-iii-  \n## PREFACE\n\nThis report assesses what is known at present about the deter-minants of educational effectiveness.The work was initially sponsoredby the President's Commission on School Finance as part of its inquiryin","cbCaiszrjGaP8tiA","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiszrjGaP8tiA","pdf",7862359,245,"English","# PREFACE\n## Report purpose and sponsorship\n## Research question and study approach","[{\"question\":\"What central question does the report address about educational effectiveness?\",\"answer\":\"It assesses what is known about the determinants of educational effectiveness and asks whether existing resources, processes, and organizations in primary and secondary education have an appreciable impact on achievement.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report analyze the relationship between resources and outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"It uses an input-output approach to analyze how the amounts of various resources provided to students relate to educational outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"What major implications does the report draw from the reviewed research?\",\"answer\":\"It finds that no variant of the existing system is consistently related to outcomes, that increasing expenditures on traditional practices is unlikely to improve outcomes substantially, and that opportunities may exist to reduce misdirected educational spending without harming outcomes.\"}]","HOW EFFECTIVE IS SCHOOLING? - A Critical Review and Synthesis of Research Findings | PDF",617]