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\nImplications for Tool Design  \nDor Ma’ayan* 1,2 Wode Ni* 2 Katherine Ye2 Chinmay Kulkarni2 Joshua Sunshine2  \n1Technion-Israel Institute of Technology 2 Carnegie Mellon University  \nHaifa, Israel Pittsburgh, PA  \n[dorma10@campus.technion.ac.il](dorma10@campus.technion.ac.il) woden, kqy, chinmayk, [sunshine@cs.cmu.edu](sunshine@cs.cmu.edu)  \nFigure 1. Diagrams explain concepts visually in many domains, e.g.: (a) Diffie-Hellman key exchange with colors representing prime multiplication [82].  \n(b) Linking two views of the Klein 4-group [84]. (c) Unrolling a recurrent LSTM network [58]. (d) Natural numbers as 2D areas in a visual proof [28].  \nABSTRACT  \nConceptual diagrams are used extensively to understand abstract relationships, explain complex ideas, and solve difficult problems. To illustrate concepts effectively, experts find appropriate visual representations and translate concepts into concrete shapes. This translation step is not supported explicitly by current diagramming tools. This paper investigates how domain experts create conceptual diagrams via semi-structured interviews with 18 participants from diverse backgrounds. Our participants create, adapt, and reuse visual representations using both sketches and digital tools. However, they had trouble using current diagramming tools to transition from sketches and reuse components from earlier diagrams. Our participants also expressed frustration with the slow feedback cycles and  \n*Authors contributed equally and names are in alphabetical order.  \nPermission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions [from permissions@acm.org](from permissions@acm.org).  \nCHI ’20, April 25–30, 2020, Honolulu, HI, USA.  \n© 2020 Association of Computing Machinery.  \nACM ISBN 978-1-4503-6708-0/20/04 ...$15.00. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376253](http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376253)  \nbarriers to automation of their tools. Based on these results, we suggest four opportunities of diagramming tools—exploration support, representation salience, live engagement, and vocabulary correspondence—that together enable a natural diagramming experience. Finally, we discuss possibilities to leverage recent research advances to develop natural diagramming tools.  \nAuthor Keywords  \nConceptual Diagramming; Diagram Authoring; Information Visualization  \nINTRODUCTION  \nVisual representations of knowledge allow us to understand and disseminate information more effectively than text alone [49] . This paper focuses on conceptual diagrams, which communicate conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive knowledge [41] in visual form.  \nConceptual diagrams (sometimes also called explanatory diagrams or concept visualization [1]), provide a graphical overview of conceptual models—the relationship between concrete and abstract entities [29] . By giving abstract concepts visual representations, these diagrams help explain concepts  \nCHI 2020 Paper CHI 2020, April 25–30, 2020, Honolulu, HI, USA  \nto oneself and communicate them with others. Explaining concepts using visuals is profoundly important for dissemination of scientific knowledge and for learning. For instance, the use of diagrams in a scientific publication positively correlates with higher scientific impact [45] . Further, creating diagrams improves learning, both when diagrams are created for others [13], and when they are created for self-explanation [","cbCaidqiddF0alh8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidqiddF0alh8","pdf",7858253,14,"English","# Introduction\n## Conceptual diagrams and knowledge communication\n## Current diagramming tools and their limitations\n## Research motivation and contributions","[{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of the paper?\",\"answer\":\"The paper investigates how domain experts create conceptual diagrams and what this implies for designing better diagramming tools.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the researchers study experts’ diagram creation?\",\"answer\":\"They conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 participants from diverse backgrounds.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges do experts face with current diagramming tools?\",\"answer\":\"Participants had difficulty transitioning from sketches to digital tools and reusing components from earlier diagrams, and they reported frustration with slow feedback cycles.\"}]","How Domain Experts Create Conceptual Diagrams and Implications for Tool Design | PDF",1792980106,35]