[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-268824-105":59,"doc-detail-268824-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","how-does-your-kindergarten-classroom-affect-your-earnings-evidence-from-project-star-268824","How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? - Evidence from Project STAR","","Project STAR randomly assigned 11,571 Tennessee students and their teachers to different classrooms within participating schools from kindergarten through third grade. The study links experimental assignment to administrative records to assess long-run effects. Kindergarten test scores show strong associations with earnings at age 27, college attendance, home ownership, and retirement savings. Experimental results indicate benefits for small classes, experienced kindergarten teachers, and higher-quality classrooms, with some fades in test-score effects while non-cognitive gains persist.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/how-does-your-kindergarten-classroom-affect-your-earnings-evidence-from-project-star-268824/268824/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/how-does-your-kindergarten-classroom-affect-your-earnings-evidence-from-project-star-268824/268824.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ben ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How does the paper estimate long-term impacts of early education in Project STAR?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It links STAR experimental data to administrative records from tax returns, tracking participants into adulthood to compare adult outcomes across randomly assigned classroom environments.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What adult outcomes are most strongly correlated with kindergarten test scores?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The paper reports strong correlations with earnings at age 27, college attendance, home ownership, and retirement savings, including 401(k) savings.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Do class size and classroom quality affect adult earnings?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Small classes significantly increase college attendance, and classroom quality produces significant effects on earnings, while the paper finds class size does not have a statistically significant effect on earnings at age 27 with imprecise estimates.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},268824,1789437602,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336478951081,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","HOW DOES YOUR KINDERGARTEN CLASSROOM AFFECT YOUR EARNINGS?  \nEVIDENCE FROM PROJECT STAR􀀃  \nRaj Chetty, Harvard University and NBER  \nJohn N. Friedman, Harvard University and NBER  \nNathaniel Hilger, Harvard University  \nEmmanuel Saez, UC Berkeley and NBER  \nDiane Whitmore Schanzenbach, Northwestern University and NBER Danny Yagan, Harvard University  \nMarch 2011  \nABSTRACT  \nIn Project STAR, 11,571 students in Tennessee and their teachers were randomly assigned to classrooms within their schools from kindergarten to third grade. This paper evaluates the long-term impacts of STAR by linking the experimental data to administrative records. We Örst demonstrate that kindergarten test scores are highly correlated with outcomes such as earnings at age 27, college attendance, home ownership, and retirement savings. We then document four sets of experimental impacts. First, students in small classes are signiÖcantly more likely to attend college and exhibit improvements on other outcomes. Class size does not have a signiÖcant e§ect on earnings at age 27, but this e§ect is imprecisely estimated. Second, students who had a more experienced teacher in kindergarten have higher earnings. Third, an analysis of variance reveals signiÖcant classroom e§ects on earnings. Students who were randomly assigned to higher quality classrooms in grades K-3 ñ as measured by classmatesíend-of-class test scores ñ have higher earnings, college attendance rates, and other outcomes. Finally, the effects of class quality fade out on test scores in later grades but gains in non-cognitive measures persist.  \n􀀃 We thank Lisa Barrow, David Card, Gary Chamberlain, Elizabeth Cascio, Janet Currie, Jeremy Finn, Edward Glaeser, Bryan Graham, James Heckman, Caroline Hoxby, Guido Imbens, Thomas Kane, Lawrence Katz, Alan Krueger, Derek Neal, Jonah Rocko§, Douglas Staiger, numerous seminar participants, and anonymous referees for helpful discussions and comments. We thank Helen Bain and Jayne Zaharias at HEROS for access to the Project STAR data. The tax data were accessed through contract TIRNO-09-R-00007 with the Statistics of Income (SOI) Division at the US Internal Revenue Service. Gregory Bruich, Jane Choi, Jessica Laird, Keli Liu, Laszlo Sandor, and Patrick Turley provided outstanding research assistance. Financial support from the Lab for Economic Applications and Policy at Harvard, the Center for Equitable Growth at UC Berkeley, and the National Science Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.  \nI. Introduction  \nWhat are the long-term impacts of early childhood education? Evidence on this important policy question remains scarce because of a lack of data linking childhood education and outcomes in adulthood. This paper analyzes the long-term impacts of Project STAR, one of the most widely studied education experiments in the United States. The Student/Teacher Achievement Ratio (STAR) experiment randomly assigned one cohort of 11,571 students and their teachers to di§erent classrooms within their schools in grades K-3 . Some students were assigned to small classes (15 students on average) in grades K-3, while others were assigned to large classes (22 students on average) . The experiment was implemented across 79 schools in Tennessee from 1985 to 1989 . Numerous studies have used the STAR experiment to show that class size, teacher quality, and peers have signiÖcant causal impacts on test scores (see Schanzenbach 2006 for a review) . Whether these gains in achievement on standardized tests translate into improvements in adult outcomes such as earnings remains an open question.  \nWe link the original STAR data to administrative data from tax returns, allowing us to follow 95% of the STAR participants into adulthood.1 We use these data to analyze the impacts of STAR on outcomes ranging from college attendance and earnings to retirement savings, home ownership, and marriage. We begin by documenting the strong correlation between kindergarten test scoresand adult outcom","cbCaimSKWlSRvpP4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimSKWlSRvpP4","pdf",588960,79,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Research design and data linkage\n## Correlations between test scores and adult outcomes\n## Experimental impacts: class size, teacher experience, and classroom effects","[{\"question\":\"How does the paper estimate long-term impacts of early education in Project STAR?\",\"answer\":\"It links STAR experimental data to administrative records from tax returns, tracking participants into adulthood to compare adult outcomes across randomly assigned classroom environments.\"},{\"question\":\"What adult outcomes are most strongly correlated with kindergarten test scores?\",\"answer\":\"The paper reports strong correlations with earnings at age 27, college attendance, home ownership, and retirement savings, including 401(k) savings.\"},{\"question\":\"Do class size and classroom quality affect adult earnings?\",\"answer\":\"Small classes significantly increase college attendance, and classroom quality produces significant effects on earnings, while the paper finds class size does not have a statistically significant effect on earnings at age 27 with imprecise estimates.\"}]","How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? - Evidence from Project STAR | PDF",199]