[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-443388-105":59,"doc-detail-443388-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","how-are-sleep-settle-and-crying-behaviors-in-2-month-olds-related-to-concurrent-family-factors-and-later-development-research-article","How Are Sleep, Settle, and Crying Behaviors in 2-Month-Olds Related to Concurrent Family Factors and Later Development? - Research Article","","Sleep, settle, and crying behaviors are core regulatory functions in early infancy, but their determinants and links to later development in the general population remain unclear. In this study, 362 infants were assessed at 2 months (27–99 days corrected age) with parent reports of night wakeups, time to settle, and crying duration. Several later outcomes were measured at 14 and 24 months. Corrected age predicted wakeups and crying duration, while family income predicted crying duration and settling time, and early behaviors showed no significant links to later language comprehension, socio-communicative abilities, vocabulary, autistic traits, or hyperactivity.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/how-are-sleep-settle-and-crying-behaviors-in-2-month-olds-related-to-concurrent-family-factors-and-later-development-research-article/443388/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/how-are-sleep-settle-and-crying-behaviors-in-2-month-olds-related-to-concurrent-family-factors-and-later-development-research-article/443388.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Theodore","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What outcomes were measured when infants were 2 months old?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Parents reported the number of wakeups per night, the time it took for the infant to settle, and the duration of crying at 2 months corrected age.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which family-related factor predicted crying duration and settling time?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Family income significantly predicted crying duration and time to settle in the analyses reported for the 2-month assessment.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Do 2-month sleep, settle, and crying behaviors predict later development outcomes?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"In this general-population sample, these behaviors at 2 months were not significantly associated with later language comprehension, socio-communicative abilities, vocabulary, autistic traits, or hyperactivity at 14–24 months.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},443388,1790812587,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},7971461740886,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Developmental Science  \nRESEARCH ARTICLE   \nHow Are Sleep, Settle, and Crying Behaviors in 2-Month-Olds Related to Concurrent Family Factors and Later Development?  \nCharlotte Viktorsson1  Irzam Hardiansyah1  Amelia Juslin1  Terje Falck-Ytter1, 2  \n1 Development and Neurodiversity Lab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden  2 Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND),  \nDivision of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Correspondence: Charlotte Viktorsson ([charlotte.viktorsson@psyk.uu.se](charlotte.viktorsson@psyk.uu.se))  \nReceived: 28 September 2024  Revised: 9 November 2025  Accepted: 18 December 2025  \nABSTRACT  \nSleep, settle, and crying behaviors represent basic regulatory functions in early infancy, yet little is known about the factors that influence these behaviors and their relationship to later development in the general population. In this study, we assessed a sample of 362 infants, measuring parent-rated number of wakeups per night, time to settle, and crying duration at 2 months of corrected age (range 27–99 days), along with various background variables. We also measured several aspects of the infants’ later development at 14 and 24 months. Age (corrected) at the first assessment showed a significant association with number of wakeups per night (β = –0.212, p \u003C 0.001) and crying duration (β = –0.154, p = 0.012) . Family income was a significant predictor of crying duration (β = –0.128, p = 0.018) and time to settle (β = –0.147, p = 0.011). Sleep, settle, and crying behaviors at 2 months were not significantly associated with parent-rated language comprehension or socio-communicative abilities at 14 months, nor with vocabulary, autistic traits, or hyperactivity at 24 months. While some sleep and settle behaviors in the first few months can be challenging for caregivers, our findings suggest that they are not indicators of atypical development in early childhood in the general population.  \n1  Introduction  \nSleep is a vital regulatory function that undergoes several developmental transitions as we age, reflecting changes in neural activity across multiple regions of the brain (Kohyama 1998) . In newborns, the circadian rhythm is not yet established, meaning that sleep can occur as easily during the day as during the night. In most infants, a circadian rhythm based on a daynight cycle develops at around 4 months of age (Heraghty et al. 2008), leading to less daytime sleep and an increased sleep duration during the night (Figueiredo et al. 2016) . This transition is believed to be dependent on the development of forebrain circuits and the strengthening of forebrain connections with the brainstem (Blumbergetal. 2014). Since the maturation of day-and nighttime sleep changes throughout development, it is important to study sleep and settle behaviors at multiple time points in early  \nchildhood. In this study, settle behaviors or settle ability refers to the time it takes for an infant to become calm and ready to sleep. This construct differs slightly from sleep onset latency, which specifically describes the duration between attempting to sleep and the onset of sleep itself.  \nWhile the factors that influence sleep and settle behaviors in early infancy are not fully understood, existing evidence suggests that these behaviors may be shaped through a complex interplay of different influences, which can be viewed within a socioecological framework. At the individual level, biological sex appears tobe important, as girls have been found to exhibit longer sleep onset latency than boys at 3 months and longer daytime sleep at both 3 and 8 months, as well as fewer night awakeningsat 3 months (Paavonen et al. 2020) . At the interpersonal or family level, parental practices and routines may impact early  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and repr","cbCaibmRgYb9oNHT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibmRgYb9oNHT","pdf",806389,11,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Sleep development and circadian transitions\n## Socioecological influences on sleep and settle behaviors\n# Summary","[{\"question\":\"What outcomes were measured when infants were 2 months old?\",\"answer\":\"Parents reported the number of wakeups per night, the time it took for the infant to settle, and the duration of crying at 2 months corrected age.\"},{\"question\":\"Which family-related factor predicted crying duration and settling time?\",\"answer\":\"Family income significantly predicted crying duration and time to settle in the analyses reported for the 2-month assessment.\"},{\"question\":\"Do 2-month sleep, settle, and crying behaviors predict later development outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"In this general-population sample, these behaviors at 2 months were not significantly associated with later language comprehension, socio-communicative abilities, vocabulary, autistic traits, or hyperactivity at 14–24 months.\"}]","How Are Sleep, Settle, and Crying Behaviors in 2-Month-Olds Related to Concurrent Family Factors and Later Development? - Research Article | PDF",1790703846,28]