[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-109497-en":3,"doc-seo-109497-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},109497,8796095462418,"Noah","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80000253c1241d02b47?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778826106357471780",8,"Research & Report","Housing Deprivation in El Salvador - Background Note","This note analyzes housing deprivation in El Salvador using an index adapted to the national context and an approach based on multiple correspondence analysis. Results show that in 2023, 72 percent of households experienced housing deprivation, with higher rates in metropolitan and rural areas. The note highlights stronger vulnerability among single-parent households and among households whose head lacks formal education, underscoring the need for targeted housing policies to reduce inequality and precarious living conditions.","Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized  \nBACKGROUND NOTE  \n3  \nHousing deprivation  \nin El Salvador1  \n_  \n1. This note was prepared by Felipe Balcazar and Hugo Ñopo.  \nBackground Note 3  \nHousing deprivation  \nin El Salvador  \nAbstract  \nThis note analyzes housing deprivation in El Salvador through an index adapted to the country context, using an approach based on multiple correspondence analysis. The results indicate that in 2023, 72 percent of households in El Salvador experienced housing deprivation, with higher rates in metropolitan and rural areas, especially among single-parent households, and where the head of household lacks formal education. This study highlights the need for specific housing policies to address the growing inequality and precarious housing in the country as it affects both poor and non-poor population, especially in metropolitan areas.  \nJEL Classification: C43, I31, R2  \nKeywords: Housing deprivation, Poverty, Multidimensional Deprivation, Multiple Correspondence Analysis  \n~~ ~~ 2  \nBackground Note 3  \nHousing deprivation in El Salvador  \nImproved housing can save lives, prevent disease, improve quality of life, reduce poverty, and help mitigate climate change.2 The right to adequate housing is a fundamental human right recognized under international human rights law and is an essential component of the right to an adequate standard of living.3 This comprises “the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions”.4 Adequate housing encompasses several critical elements: legal security of tenure; availability of services, materials, and infrastructure; affordability; habitability; accessibility; appropriate location; and cultural adequacy.2 Together, these components ensure that housing not only provides shelter but also supports a dignified and healthy life.6  \nEl Salvador is characterized by homes built with poor quality or inadequate materials, dirt floors, mainly lacking access to drinkable water or sanitation, and situated on land that is not theirs. Since the pandemic, the precarious housing situation endured by the most vulnerable families has exacerbated.7 Developing a housing deprivation index tailored to El Salvador will help identify inequalities in living conditions and support the development of effective public policies. This note discusses housing deprivation in El Salvador using the framework developed by Balcazar and Redaelli (2017) and describes some relevant household characteristics related to this deprivation. The findings herein indicate that although the monetary poor are more likely to be housing deprived, the nonmonetary poor also have high rates of housing deprivation, even  \nin metropolitan areas, highlighting the need for targeted housing policies that protect citizens from being (further) entrenched into destitution.  \nThe housing deprivation index is estimated using the factor scores obtained from the eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue after applying Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) on a set of ordinal housing indicators. Balcazar and Redaelli (2017) show that if the data gleaned from these indicators are ordered, it is possible to define a welfare-consistent housing deprivation headcount from the estimated index. The resulting headcount provides a comprehensive measure of deprivation, capturing the multifaceted nature of housing issues.  \nAdequate housing implies the right to security of tenure, land and property restitution, and equal and nondiscriminatory access to adequate housing. In addition to access to adequate and enclosed space (that is, four walls, roof, floor, and sufficient physical space to avoid overcrowding), safe drinking water, adequate sanitation, lighting, and local services are also considered. Finally,‘necessities’ to guarantee an acceptable standard of living such as having","cbCaigmjohK8HK5f","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigmjohK8HK5f","pdf",607419,3,1,12,"English","en",105,"# Housing deprivation in El Salvador\n## Housing as a human right and key deprivation elements\n## Developing a housing deprivation index using MCA\n## Housing deprivation rates and trends (2010–2023)\n## Household head characteristics associated with deprivation","[{\"question\":\"How is housing deprivation in El Salvador measured in this note?\",\"answer\":\"It uses a housing deprivation index adapted to El Salvador, estimated with factor scores from multiple correspondence analysis on ordinal housing indicators.\"},{\"question\":\"What proportion of households were housing deprived in 2023?\",\"answer\":\"In 2023, 72 percent of households in El Salvador experienced housing deprivation.\"},{\"question\":\"Which household characteristics are associated with higher housing deprivation?\",\"answer\":\"Single-parent households show higher rates than two-breadwinner households, and within single-parent households those headed by females fare worse than those headed by males.\"}]","Housing Deprivation in El Salvador - 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