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Descriptive and regression analyses examine the level and structure of expenditure, disparities across households, and the resulting financial burden. The study reports nationwide average spending of RMB 8,139 per child for regular full-time education and documents participation in out-of-school tutoring. It also estimates lifetime costs from preschool to undergraduate and shows how public investments have reduced funding gaps among income groups.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/household-expenditure-on-education-in-china-key-findings/601546/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/household-expenditure-on-education-in-china-key-findings/601546.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"anakgang17","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What dataset and year does the study use to analyze education spending?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study uses data from the 2019 China Institute for Educational Finance Research Household Survey to examine household expenditure on children’s education in China.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How much do households spend on regular full-time education per child on average?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Nationwide, the average household expenditure on regular full-time education is RMB 8,139 per child, representing 10.8% of total household expenditure.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What does the study find about tutoring participation and the overall cost burden?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It finds that 24.4% of elementary students and 15.5% of high school students participate in out-of-school tutoring in AY 2018–2019, and it estimates that educating a child from preschool to undergraduate level costs a household about RMB 233,000.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},601546,1792210242,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":26},962090883568,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Household Expenditure on Education in China: Key Findings From the China Institute for Educational Finance ResearchHousehold Surveys (CIEFR-HS)  \nYi Wei (魏易)  \nPeking University  \nECNU Review of Education 2024, Vol. 7(3) 738–761 © The Author(s) 2024 Article reuse guidelines:  \n[sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[DOI: 10.1177/20965311241243389](DOI: 10.1177/20965311241243389)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/20965311241243389)[journals.sagepub.com/home/roe](journals.sagepub.com/home/roe)  \nAbstract  \nPurpose: This study uses data from the 2019 China Institute for Educational Finance ResearchHousehold Survey to investigate expenditure on children’s education in China.  \nDesign/Approach/Methods: Using descriptive and regression analysis, this study analyzes the level and structure of household expenditure on children’s education, the associated disparities, and household financial burden.  \nFindings: The average household expenditure on regular full-time education nationwide was RMB 8,139 per child, accounting for 10.8% of total household expenditure. On average, 24.4% and 15.5% of elementary and high school students participated in out-of-school subject-and interest-oriented tutoring in AY 2018–2019, respectively. On an average, it costs a household approximately RMB 233,000 to educate a child from preschool to the undergraduate level. The total investments in regular full-time education nationwide were estimated to be RMB 6.2 billion—6.87% of the national Gross Domestic product. Moreover, based on an overview of various statistics on school funding, this study found that several years of public investments in compulsory education and rural schools have significantly reduced the disparities in school funding among income groups.  \nCorresponding author:  \nYi Wei, China Institute for Educational Finance Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. [Email: weiyipku@pku.edu.cn](Email: weiyipku@pku.edu.cn)  \nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative  \nCommons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ([https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage](https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage)).  \nOriginality/Value: This research is the first report giving a comprehensive picture of household expenditures on education nationwide in China. It provides empirical evidence for exploring policy tools to realize the balanced development of education.  \nKeywords  \nChina, CIEFR-HS, educational opportunities, household education expenditure, out-of-school tutoring  \nDate received: 2 August 2023; revised: 1 October 2023; accepted: 5 October 2023  \nIntroduction  \nFor over four decades, income inequality has been trending upward globally (Piketty & Saez, 2014) . Under the dual impact of a widening income gap and growing returns on higher education, households have been investing an increasing amount of money into childrearing amid increasingly fierce competition for quality educational resources. While mid-to high-income groups attempt to maintain their existing advantages by increasing their investments in their children’s education, mid-to low-income groups invest in their children’s education to gain opportunities for upward mobility. Consequently, inequalities in educational resources and opportunities remain a pressing issue (Doepke & Zilibotti, 2019; Ramey & Ramey, 2009; Schneider et al., 2018) . The increasing burden on households to pay for children’s education and the rising inequality associated have also drawn attention from the public and policymakers in China (Chi & Qian, 2016; Chu, 2008; Gustafsson & Li, 2004; Lei, 2005; L","cbCaieukbcVoVOfs","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieukbcVoVOfs","pdf",990849,24,"English","# Abstract\n## Purpose\n## Design/Approach/Methods\n## Findings\n# Introduction\n## Background: education inequality and household investment\n## Underestimation of household costs in official statistics\n## Drivers of higher education costs in developing countries","[{\"question\":\"What dataset and year does the study use to analyze education spending?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses data from the 2019 China Institute for Educational Finance Research Household Survey to examine household expenditure on children’s education in China.\"},{\"question\":\"How much do households spend on regular full-time education per child on average?\",\"answer\":\"Nationwide, the average household expenditure on regular full-time education is RMB 8,139 per child, representing 10.8% of total household expenditure.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the study find about tutoring participation and the overall cost burden?\",\"answer\":\"It finds that 24.4% of elementary students and 15.5% of high school students participate in out-of-school tutoring in AY 2018–2019, and it estimates that educating a child from preschool to undergraduate level costs a household about RMB 233,000.\"}]","Household Expenditure on Education in China - Key Findings | PDF",1792092829]