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Dysregulation has been reported across multiple human cancers, including bladder cancer, where it correlates with clinical outcomes. Bladder cancer has high recurrence and progression rates, making accurate prediction at initial diagnosis challenging, and cystoscopy-based surveillance can cause significant discomfort and pain, lowering follow-up compliance. This review summarizes evidence linking homeobox gene expression dysregulation to diagnostic and prognostic potential, emphasizing the need for reliable, non-invasive biomarkers for early detection and monitoring.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/homeobox-gene-expression-dysregulation-as-potential-diagnostic-and-prognostic-biomarkers-in-bladder-cancer/382735/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/homeobox-gene-expression-dysregulation-as-potential-diagnostic-and-prognostic-biomarkers-in-bladder-cancer/382735.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Melati","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"Why are homeobox genes relevant to bladder cancer diagnosis and prognosis?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"Homeobox genes regulate gene expression through conserved homeodomain transcriptional control. Their dysregulated expression is associated with bladder cancer clinical outcomes and can reflect processes involved in tumor development and progression.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"What challenges make current bladder cancer surveillance difficult?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"Cystoscopy is invasive and commonly causes discomfort and pain, leading to poor patient compliance with long-term follow-up for recurrence and progression monitoring.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"Which tumor biology processes are linked to homeobox gene dysregulation?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Dysregulated expression has been connected to stages of tumorigenesis such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},382735,1790252124,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":143},962085570644,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","diagnostics  \nReview  \nHomeobox Gene Expression Dysregulation as Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer  \nFee-Wai Chin 1, Soon-Choy Chan 2, * and Abhi Veerakumarasivam 3, *  \nCitation: Chin, F.-W.; Chan, S.-C.; Veerakumarasivam, A. Homeobox Gene Expression Dysregulation as Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 2641. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13162641](doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13162641)  \nAcademic Editors: Mihai Dorin Vartolomei and Beat Roth  \nReceived: 30 May 2023  \nRevised: 7 July 2023  \nAccepted: 10 July 2023  \nPublished: 10 August 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [feewaic@gmail.com](feewaic@gmail.com)  \n2 School of Liberal Arts, Science and Technology, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia  \n3 School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia  \n* Correspondence: [chansoonchoy@perdanauniversity.edu.my](chansoonchoy@perdanauniversity.edu.my) (S.-C.C.); [abhiv@sunway.edu.my](abhiv@sunway.edu.my) (A.V.)  \nAbstract: Homeobox genes serve as master regulatory transcription factors that regulate gene expression during embryogenesis. A homeobox gene may have either tumor-promoting or tumorsuppressive properties depending on the specific organ or cell lineage where it is expressed. The dysregulation of homeobox genes has been reported in various human cancers, including bladder cancer. The dysregulated expression of homeobox genes has been associated with bladder cancer clinical outcomes. Although bladder cancer has high risk of tumor recurrence and progression, it is highly challenging for clinicians to accurately predict the risk of tumor recurrence and progression at the initial point of diagnosis. Cystoscopy is the routine surveillance method used to detect tumor recurrence. However, the procedure causes significant discomfort and pain that results in poor surveillance follow-up amongst patients. Therefore, the development of reliable non-invasive biomarkers for the early detection and monitoring of bladder cancer is crucial. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic and prognostic potential of homeobox gene expression dysregulation in bladder cancer.  \nKeywords: biomarker; bladder cancer; diagnosis; homeobox genes; prognosis; tumorigenesis  \n1. Introduction  \nHomeobox genes are a superfamily of regulatory genes that encode transcription factors that regulate cell differentiation and morphogenesis during embryogenesis [1,2] . A homeobox gene contains a homeobox sequence that encodes a homeoprotein that contains a highly conserved homeodomain. The homeodomain acts as a transcriptional regulator to activate and repress downstream target genes [3,4] . Homeobox genes can be categorized into clustered (HOX) and non-clustered (non-HOX) homeobox genes. HOX homeobox genes are further classified into four gene clusters (HOX A, HOX B, HOX C, and HOX D) that are located on different chromosomes. Non-HOX homeobox genes are dispersed throughout the genome and are located outside the HOX clusters [5] .  \nThe dysregulation of homeobox genes has been reported in various human cancers such as bladder, breast, colorectal, gastric, kidney, liver, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers [6–14] . The dysregulated expression of homeobox genes in cancers has been identified in various stages of tumorigenesis that include epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell proliferation, invasion, and metas","cbCaigXemFyUDV6c","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigXemFyUDV6c","pdf",1257452,34,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Homeobox genes and their regulatory functions\n## Dysregulation mechanisms and context in cancer\n## Bladder cancer epidemiology and clinical challenge\n# Surveillance methods and need for non-invasive biomarkers","[{\"question\":\"Why are homeobox genes relevant to bladder cancer diagnosis and prognosis?\",\"answer\":\"Homeobox genes regulate gene expression through conserved homeodomain transcriptional control. Their dysregulated expression is associated with bladder cancer clinical outcomes and can reflect processes involved in tumor development and progression.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges make current bladder cancer surveillance difficult?\",\"answer\":\"Cystoscopy is invasive and commonly causes discomfort and pain, leading to poor patient compliance with long-term follow-up for recurrence and progression monitoring.\"},{\"question\":\"Which tumor biology processes are linked to homeobox gene dysregulation?\",\"answer\":\"Dysregulated expression has been connected to stages of tumorigenesis such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis.\"}]","Homeobox Gene Expression Dysregulation as Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer | PDF",86]