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Using accounts such as an emotionally vivid, sleepless decision process, the paper critiques behaviourist competency models driven by predefined outcomes. It outlines the Australian model of integrated or holistic competencies, then develops a rigorous epistemology of practice grounded in real work situations and the revival of Aristotelian phronesis, including workplace and public accountability.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/holistic-competence-putting-judgements-first-21-30/592217/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/holistic-competence-putting-judgements-first-21-30/592217.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Grenda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the paper argue about competence in professional practice?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Professional practice is conceptualised holistically, emphasising how people make competent practical judgements in context, not only technical performance.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the paper relate the topic to the traditional behaviourist competency approach?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It briefly describes behaviourist competency as outcome-focused and reductive, arguing that competency structures can reduce work to technical atoms and limit educative workplace experiences.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is phronesis, and why is it important in the paper?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Phronesis is used to frame the attention to “strange experiences” and low-status knowledge such as intuition or know-how, positioning them as a basis for professional judgements in real work settings.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},592217,1792190944,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},7971474921005,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Asia Pacific Education Review Copyright 2008 by Education Research Institute  \n2008, Vol. 9, No. 1, 21-30.  \nHolistic Competence: Putting Judgements First  \nDavid Beckett  \nThe University of Melbourne  \nAustralia  \nProfessional practice can be conceptualised holistically, and in fact during the 1990s the ‘Australian model’ of integrated or holistic competence emerged empirically. This piece outlines that story, and then develops a more rigorous conceptual analysis of what it is to make competent practical judgements, through inferences, in context-specific and accountable ways (such as to one’s peer group of professionals, or to the public) . Current research interest in the Schonian swamp-like messiness of judgements (e.g. in clinical medicine) is drawn upon to advance a new epistemology of practice, which takes seriously the ‘know how’ of real work situations, as the basis for a revival of Aristotelian phronesis.  \nKey words: holism, judgements, skills, phronesis, context, workplace  \nIt’s a question of experience. You remember that the past figures were very different. So it raises doubts in your mind. I remember once I was working on a project and there was something I didn’t know about it-had something funny about it. At 3 o’clock in the morning I woke and said,‘That’s what’s wrong with it.’ I found it at 3 o’clock in the morning in my subconscious. The decision wasn’t a conscious decision. It was working in the back of my mind.  \nIntroduction  \nAccountancy is a profession traditionally shaped by competence which is readily reckoned: you count, you calculate, you assess and so on. Yet in the little anecdote  \nDavid Beckett, Faculty of Education, the University of Melbourne, Australia.  \nPart 2 of this paper is based on Beckett (2004) . Quotations are data from a UTS project on professionals’ workplace learning, directed by Paul Hager and David Beckett (2000-1) .  \nCorrespondence concerning this article should be addressed to David Beckett, Faculty of Education, the University of Melbourne, Australia. e-mail: [d.beckett@unimelb.edu.au](d.beckett@unimelb.edu.au)  \nabove, our sleepless accountant is stirred by something else. His technical competence is not in doubt, but his reliance on hitherto strange psychological experiences, is indeed curious. What is he drawing upon to make a professional decision, or judgement? Further, notice the experience is both vivid and elusive! He awoke, and something decisive resulted, yet he was not aware of how this worked for him.  \nThis paper investigates a new approach to professional competence: one that takes such strange experiences seriously, and which tries to build upon recent research initiatives in Australia and elsewhere, to show how workplace expertise, or work performed to standards, is best conceptualised.  \nFirst, the traditional behaviourist approach to competency is briefly described, then the ‘Australian model’of integrated, or holistic, competencies, is set out.  \nSecondly, the conceptual underpinnings of this holistic approach are made plain (in three sub-sections), and an example given of such an approach.  \nThirdly, some current aspects of the new attention to these strange experiences – which I address as phronesis such as those our accountant reports, are discussed. Lowstatus knowledge, typically called ‘intuition’ or ‘common-  \nDavid Beckett  \nsense’, or ‘know how’, is receiving long-overdue critical attention. One vivid summary of this epistemological problem is given by Kathryn Montgomery (2006), as part of her detailed account of the clinical judgement of medical doctors:  \nAlong with “wisdom”,“intuition” and “talent”, Donald Schon (1987, p. 13) lists “artistry” as one of the terms typically used as a “junk category” to describe what cannot be “assimilate[d] to the dominant model of professional knowledge”(p. 30) .  \nAs educators shift their attention to the world of adults’lifelong learning, especially as shown in workplace experiences, it is little wonder that ","cbCaidSqKc7NPHi0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidSqKc7NPHi0","pdf",77493,"English","# Introduction\n## Traditional Behaviourist Competencies and Moving Beyond Them\n## The Australian Model of Holistic Competence\n## Conceptual Underpinnings and Example\n## Phronesis and Strange Experiences","[{\"question\":\"What does the paper argue about competence in professional practice?\",\"answer\":\"Professional practice is conceptualised holistically, emphasising how people make competent practical judgements in context, not only technical performance.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper relate the topic to the traditional behaviourist competency approach?\",\"answer\":\"It briefly describes behaviourist competency as outcome-focused and reductive, arguing that competency structures can reduce work to technical atoms and limit educative workplace experiences.\"},{\"question\":\"What is phronesis, and why is it important in the paper?\",\"answer\":\"Phronesis is used to frame the attention to “strange experiences” and low-status knowledge such as intuition or know-how, positioning them as a basis for professional judgements in real work settings.\"}]","Holistic Competence - Putting Judgements First - 21-30 | PDF",1792074102,25]