[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-84240-en":3,"doc-seo-84240-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},84240,13056703019662,"Evangeline","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188",6,"Technology","Holistic B2X Mobile Application Development: A Reference Model","Business-to-X (B2X) mobile applications require addressing mobile-specific opportunities and challenges across the entire development process. While many process models exist, guidance on how they are used in practice remains limited. A review of available process models is complemented by 28 expert interviews with key stakeholders to study the research–practice gap. The work derives mobile-specific characteristics and challenges and proposes a holistic reference model intended to support management decisions for successful B2X app development.","Holistic B2X Mobile Application Development–A Reference  \nModel  \nOliver Werth (corresponding author), Federal University of Applied Administrative Sciences, [oliver.werth@bwz.bund.de](oliver.werth@bwz.bund.de), [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6767-5905](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6767-5905)  \nNadine Guhr, OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, [nadine.guhr@th-owl.de](nadine.guhr@th-owl.de),  \n[https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8812-1488](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8812-1488)  \nMichael H. Breitner, Leibniz University Hannover, [breitner@iwi.uni-hannover.de](breitner@iwi.uni-hannover.de),  \n[https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7315-3022](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7315-3022)  \nBusiness-to-X (B2X, \"X\" for business, customer, etc.) mobile applications (\"apps\") show various mobile-specific chances and challenges that must be addressed in the whole development process. Knowledge about mobile app development models' usage remains restricted, although various process models for B2X app development have been published already. This article first reviewed available process models for mobile app development. In addition, 28 expert interviews with various stakeholders involved in typical B2X mobile app development processes were conducted to examine this research-practice knowledge divide. Since hybrid process models are often advantageous for B2X mobile app development, technical backgrounds or communication processes, are also crucial. Since no process model can be used unadopted, this study theorizes mobile-specific characteristics and challenges of app development process models to a reference model generally valuable for management decision support. The findings create avenues for better theorizing toward successful B2X mobile app development.  \nKeywords-B2Xmobile applications; Development support; Expert interviews;  \nProcess models; Reference model  \nIntroduction and research needs  \nMobile applications (\"apps\") and their development have received rapidly growing interest in recent years (e.g., 1–3) . Today's apps are designed to be more user-and device-centric. Developers need to provide alternatives for different types of clients and users to customize their unique user experience (UX) [4, 5] . In particular, app development has several mobile devicespecific characteristics and challenges, such as multi-operating system programming or sensor usage, and accessibility barriers which must be considered during the development process [6, 7] . Existing software engineering process models are often not directly applicable to app development [8] . In companies, process models must be implemented in a complex environment between the development team, plurality of project stakeholders, and information technology (IT) ecosystems (e.g., 9) . The variety of process models, the ambiguity of correlations to concrete use cases, and the diverse domains of apps raise the question of which process models were implemented in practice and what influences the selection of a process model for their development [10] .  \nWith the awareness of these challenges, several process models for app development exist and have been discussed in the past (e.g., 3, 11–13), although the development process in practice is often quite ad hoc and unstructured. Jabangwe et al. [3] found that, in their review of 20 app development processes, the relevance and rigor of the examined process models are relatively low. Only two processes are useful in practice showing that process models in their status seem  \nnot helpful for practitioners. Currently, no structured approach is available in the literature that incorporates and systematically synthesizes mobile-specific app development knowledge to the process models. App development processes and their design methods are theoretically underdeveloped and lack in-depth research toward a reference model that can serve as a blueprint for developing this emergent class of socio-technical information systems (IS) . Given the wide landscap","cbCaifeaEpDdYWZ1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifeaEpDdYWZ1","pdf",1061677,1,24,"English","en",105,"# Introduction and research needs\n# Contributions and study approach","[{\"question\":\"Why are existing software engineering process models often insufficient for B2X mobile app development?\",\"answer\":\"Mobile apps introduce characteristics and challenges such as multi-operating system programming, sensor usage, and accessibility barriers. These factors make many general process models not directly applicable.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study address the gap between research knowledge and practitioner usage of process models?\",\"answer\":\"The paper reviews process models and conducts 28 semi-structured expert interviews with B2X app developers to examine current practice, reasons for (non-)usage, and associated chances and challenges.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the proposed holistic reference model?\",\"answer\":\"The reference model theorizes mobile-specific characteristics and challenges and provides a blueprint for B2X mobile app development, improving management decision support for involved stakeholders.\"}]",1784194284,60,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"holistic-b2x-mobile-application-development-a-reference-model","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,53,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/holistic-b2x-mobile-application-development-a-reference-model/84240/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"Why are existing software engineering process models often insufficient for B2X mobile app development?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"Mobile apps introduce characteristics and challenges such as multi-operating system programming, sensor usage, and accessibility barriers. These factors make many general process models not directly applicable.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"How does the study address the gap between research knowledge and practitioner usage of process models?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"The paper reviews process models and conducts 28 semi-structured expert interviews with B2X app developers to examine current practice, reasons for (non-)usage, and associated chances and challenges.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"What is the purpose of the proposed holistic reference model?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"The reference model theorizes mobile-specific characteristics and challenges and provides a blueprint for B2X mobile app development, improving management decision support for involved stakeholders.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,100,104,108,111,116,121,126,129,133],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":28,"slug":107},5,"Comic","comic",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},50,"technology",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":122,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":123,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":125},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":127,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":128},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":130,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":131,"show_sort_weight":130,"slug":132},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":134,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":135,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":136},19,"General","general"]