[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-139152-en":3,"doc-seo-139152-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},139152,687197207057,"Sage","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",6,"Technology","History Of Console Architectures - Lecture 21 - Console History","History Of Console Architectures Lecture 21 traces major console platforms and the engineering ideas behind them. It starts with the Magnavox Odyssey’s early limitations and user input hardware, then moves to the Atari 2600, highlighting CPU, RAM, cartridge ROM, and the memory strategy of bank switching. The lecture explains Atari rendering constraints via the TIA, including object-based graphics and palette switching. It concludes with the Racing the Beam timing model, the E.T. development rush, and the 1983 crash driven by consumer trust loss and industry shifts.","History Of Console Architectures  \n\n| Visual Computing Systems | Lecture 21 | Console History |\n| --- | --- |\n\n• Counting The Bits  \n• In With The 3 rd Dimension  \n• State Of The Art  \n\n| Visual Computing Systems | Lecture 21 | Console History |\n| --- | --- |\n\nWhat is the earliest game you can think of?  \n\n| Visual Computing Systems | Lecture 21 | Console History |\n| --- | --- |\n\nMagnavox Odyssey (1972)  \n• 28 games for the console  \n• The most notable being pong  \n• Two wired rectangular controllers  \n• Displayed three square dots and one line of varying height on the screen  \n• Q: Why the limit on dots?  \n• Advertised as an electronic at home media device  \n• Before the term “video game” was coined  \n\n| Visual Computing Systems | Lecture 21 | Console History |\n| --- | --- |\n\nATARI 2600 (1977)  \n• 1.19 MHz 8-bit microprocessor  \n• Television Interface Adaptor (TIA)  \n• 128 bytes of RAM  \n• 4 KB cartridges ROM (Read-Only Memory)  \n• 64 KB with bank switching  \n• By the end of its primary lifecycle (1983) games were more than four times the storage size of the launch games  \n• Revolutionary joystick controls  \n• Putting the feel of an arcade in your home  \n• 30 million units sold across its lifetime  \n| Visual Computing Systems | Lecture 21 | Console History |\n| --- | --- |\n\nBank Switching  \n• Bus limitations only allowed 4kb (12-bit) transfers  \n• Rather than creating bigger memory, create more memory  \n• Referred to as banks  \n• Originally memory on the first bank was used to save bits as to which bank to access  \n• Now dedicated hardware switches control memory flow  \nAtari Multicard (32 4kb ROM images)  \n| Visual Computing Systems | Lecture 21 | Console History |\n| --- | --- |\n\nRendering Challenges of Atari  \n• Television Interface Adaptor  \n• RAM-less  \n• FrameBuffer-less  \n• Images on the screen is composed by manipulating predefined movable graphics objects  \n• Supports 160 x 192 pixel displays  \n• Playfield resolution: 40 x 192 pixels  \n• Player sprites: 8 x 192 pixels  \n• Ball and missile sprites: 1 x 192 pixels  \n• 128 colors  \n• Max of 4 per line  \n• Palette switching between lines  \nAsteroids (1981) Atari Inc.  \n\n| Visual Computing Systems | Lecture 21 | Console History |\n| --- | --- |\n\nRacing The Beam  \n• CPU loads the TIA's registers with the data needed to draw the first line of the display  \n• TIA waits until the television is ready to draw the line  \n• CRT Displays at the time moved beams of electrons from left to right, resetting their position to the left when they went offscreen  \n• TIA would commit beam update when the beam would reset  \n• TIA did this line-by-line down the screen  \n\n| Visual Computing Systems | Lecture 21 | Console History |\n| --- | --- |\n\nE.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial  \n• Atari buys rights to E.T. for several million dollars  \n• Howard Warshaw was given 5 weeks to  \ndevelop a game based off the hit ET franchise  \n• 5 million copies made  \n• Only 1 million sold  \n• Numerous bugs arose due to a tight schedule  \n• Historically regarded as one of the worst, yet most influential, video games of all time  \nUnsold cartridges secretly buried in a landfill in New Mexico  \n\n| Visual Computing Systems | Lecture 21 | Console History |\n| --- | --- |\n\nVideo Game Crash of 1983  \n• Video games had a sharp decline following the production of ET: Extra Terrestrial  \n• Lost consumer trust in video games  \n• Customers were coming back to return their consoles and games  \n• Atari cuts their workforce from 10K to 2K in a few months after ET’s release  \n• Nintendo (a card maker) enters the scene around this period  \n• Advertises their console as a “game”, steering away from the bad publicity of video games  \nWikipedia  \n\n| Visual Computing Systems | Lecture 21 | Console History |\n| --- | --- |","cbCailfLNbMWxO7h","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailfLNbMWxO7h","pdf",62233901,1,93,"English","en",105,"# Counting The Bits\n## In With The 3 rd Dimension\n## State Of The Art\n# Magnavox Odyssey\n## Atari 2600\n### Bank Switching\n### Rendering Challenges of Atari\n### Racing The Beam\n# E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial\n## Video Game Crash of 1983","[{\"question\":\"What were the key hardware constraints of the Magnavox Odyssey when it launched in 1972?\",\"answer\":\"The Odyssey displayed only a few primitive elements—three square dots and one line with varying height—and used two wired rectangular controllers. It also predated the widespread use of the term “video game.”\"},{\"question\":\"How did the Atari 2600 overcome limited cartridge-access memory through bank switching?\",\"answer\":\"The system’s bus limitations restricted transfers, so instead of larger direct memory it used multiple “banks.” Earlier designs used stored bank-selection bits, while later dedicated hardware switches controlled the memory flow.\"},{\"question\":\"Why did Atari’s TIA require a line-by-line approach, and what does “Racing The Beam” describe?\",\"answer\":\"The CPU loaded TIA registers with display data, then the TIA waited for the television to be ready to draw each line. “Racing The Beam” refers to updating as the CRT moved electrons left to right, resetting when offscreen, and committing updates line by line.\"}]","History Of Console Architectures - Lecture 21 - Console History | PDF",1787503902,234,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":28},"history-of-console-architectures-lecture-21-console-history","",{"@graph":36,"@context":86},[37,54,69],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/history-of-console-architectures-lecture-21-console-history/139152/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-31","2026-08-23",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What were the key hardware constraints of the Magnavox Odyssey when it launched in 1972?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"The Odyssey displayed only a few primitive elements—three square dots and one line with varying height—and used two wired rectangular controllers. It also predated the widespread use of the term “video game.”","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"How did the Atari 2600 overcome limited cartridge-access memory through bank switching?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"The system’s bus limitations restricted transfers, so instead of larger direct memory it used multiple “banks.” Earlier designs used stored bank-selection bits, while later dedicated hardware switches controlled the memory flow.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"Why did Atari’s TIA require a line-by-line approach, and what does “Racing The Beam” describe?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"The CPU loaded TIA registers with display data, then the TIA waited for the television to be ready to draw each line. “Racing The Beam” refers to updating as the CRT moved electrons left to right, resetting when offscreen, and committing updates line by line.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,114,119,124,129,132,136],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":120,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]