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Public dissent revealed structural inequality rooted in political marginalization and reframing the past as social justice. This dissertation analyzes Spanish graphic narratives’ mechanisms for rendering time, space, trauma, and memory, showing comics and graphic novels as transitional-justice practices that transform democratic Spain’s understanding of the past, including intergenerational approaches and a human-rights discourse.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/historical-memory-in-post-francoist-spanish-comics-the-public-articulation-of-trauma-dissertation/140103/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/historical-memory-in-post-francoist-spanish-comics-the-public-articulation-of-trauma-dissertation/140103.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jacob","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-20","2026-08-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the dissertation’s main focus?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It examines how post-Francoist Spanish comics and graphic novels publicly articulate trauma and historical memory, using specific narrative mechanisms to connect the past to democratic Spain.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the dissertation relate comics to transitional justice?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It argues that comics visualize and narrate experiences criminalized under dictatorial regimes, turning public acknowledgment of memory into a form of transitional justice and symbolic reparation.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which comic-form elements are analyzed to explain how memory is represented?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study focuses on the grammar of comics, including caricature, breakdown, page layout, and panel arrangement, as well as the interaction of different media to shape time, space, and identity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},140103,1787567922,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},962084931830,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","UCLA  \nUCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations  \nTitle  \nHistorical Memory in Post-Francoist Spanish Comics: The Public Articulation of Trauma  \nPermalink  \n[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3fm0750x](https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3fm0750x)  \nAuthor  \nClaudio, Esther  \nPublication Date  \n2022  \nPeer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation  \n[eScholarship.org](eScholarship.org) Powered by the California Digital Library  \nUniversity of California  \nUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA  \nLos Angeles  \nHistorical Memory in Post-Francoist Spanish Comics: The Public Articulation of Trauma  \nA dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literatures  \nby  \nEsther Claudio Moreno  \n2022  \n© Copyright by Esther Claudio Moreno  \n2022  \nABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION  \nHistorical Memory in Post-Francoist Spanish Comics:  \nThe Public Articulation of Trauma as Transitional Justice  \nby  \nEsther Claudio Moreno  \nDoctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literatures  \nUniversity of California, Los Angeles, 2022  \nProfessor María Teresa de Zubiaurre, Chair  \nHistorical memory in Spain has received widespread attention and it has become part of international discussions about the role of reparation, historiography, and trauma worldwide. The increasing interest in memory, generated by associations and movements for the recovery of collective memory, the 2007 Law on Historical Memory and cultural production – mainly literature and films – from the turn of the 21st century, culminated in the anti-austerity protests of May 15 2011. The public expressions of dissent made evident that structural inequality was deeply rooted in thirty-six years of political marginalization and that reframing the past was a form of social justice. In this matter, comics and graphic novels have received international attention for their sophisticated combination of drawings and texts around the topics of democracy, justice and truth. I examine the particular mechanisms that Spanish graphic narrative  \nuses to explore diegetic and extradiegetic rendering of time and space, trauma and memory, identity and nationhood. Comics visualize and narrate previously criminalized experiences and dynamics in the dictatorial regime that call for a public acknowledgement of memory as a form of transitional justice. My overarching argument is that the particular mechanisms ofthe grammar of comics, such as caricature, breakdown or page layout, establish new ways to conceptualize the presence of the past in democratic Spain. In particular, the arrangement of panels and the imbrication of different media in some comics portray an intergenerational approach to memory that places the particularities of the Spanish dictatorial past within an international discourse of Human Rights and crimes against humanity. In works that operate as symbolic justice and historical reparation, I explore the ways in which the recovery of the past is committed to a diverse and inclusive future and how graphic novels spearhead this change.  \nThe dissertation of Esther Claudio Moreno is approved.  \nCharles Hatfield  \nJohn Thompson  \nPatrícia Lino  \nBarbara Fuchs  \nMaría Teresa de Zubiaurre, Committee Chair  \nUniversity of California, Los Angeles  \n2022  \nTo my family:  \nThank you for your unwavering belief, support, and encouragement.  \nTable of Contents  \nIntroduction 1  \nChapter One: Memory in comics before the 2000s 13  \nMemory in the 1980s 14  \nThe 1990s: Fragmented Memory and the Right to Oblivion 34  \nPostmodern Memory: Polyphonic and Hybrid Comics 37  \nEl artefactoperverso 40  \nChapter Two: Their Trauma is my Trauma. Postmemorial Accounts in Spanish Comics 60  \nTestimony and Postmemory 65  \nUn largo silencio: Memory’s “Frankenstein” 70  \nEl arte de volar 93  \nEstamos todas bien 107  \nChapter Three: Transnational Memory. Exile and Migration 117  \nExile and Migration in Context 119  \nTwists of Fate 126  \nFreda 143  \nNieve en los bolsillos 15","cbCaifby0go5HCus","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifby0go5HCus","pdf",7112459,264,"English","# Introduction\n## Memory in comics before the 2000s\n## Chapter One: Memory in the 1980s\n## Chapter One: The 1990s: Fragmented Memory and the Right to Oblivion\n## Postmodern Memory: Polyphonic and Hybrid Comics\n## Chapter Two: Their Trauma is my Trauma. Postmemorial Accounts in Spanish Comics\n## Testimony and Postmemory\n## Un largo silencio: Memory’s “Frankenstein”\n## Chapter Three: Transnational Memory. Exile and Migration\n## Exile and Migration in Context\n## Chapter Four: Your War and Our Struggles. Gender and Memory in Spanish Comics\n## Crisis and Protests: The Revolution will be Feminist or it will not happen\n## Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What is the dissertation’s main focus?\",\"answer\":\"It examines how post-Francoist Spanish comics and graphic novels publicly articulate trauma and historical memory, using specific narrative mechanisms to connect the past to democratic Spain.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the dissertation relate comics to transitional justice?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that comics visualize and narrate experiences criminalized under dictatorial regimes, turning public acknowledgment of memory into a form of transitional justice and symbolic reparation.\"},{\"question\":\"Which comic-form elements are analyzed to explain how memory is represented?\",\"answer\":\"The study focuses on the grammar of comics, including caricature, breakdown, page layout, and panel arrangement, as well as the interaction of different media to shape time, space, and identity.\"}]","Historical Memory in Post-Francoist Spanish Comics - The Public Articulation of Trauma - Dissertation | PDF",665]