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Laryngeal disease includes epithelial (NET/NEC) and neural crest-derived (paraganglioma) categories, often sharing overlapping features that can hinder subclassification. Accurate classification is critical because biological behavior ranges from indolent to highly aggressive, and management should be histology-tailored. The article summarizes a three-category framework plus a non-WHO-recognized MiNEN category defined by neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine coexisting components.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/historical-evolution-of-terminology-and-current-classification-of-neuroendocrine-neoplasms-of-the-larynx-and-mixed-neuroendocrinenon-neuroendocrine-neoplasms-minens-narrative-review/354779/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/historical-evolution-of-terminology-and-current-classification-of-neuroendocrine-neoplasms-of-the-larynx-and-mixed-neuroendocrinenon-neuroendocrine-neoplasms-minens-narrative-review/354779.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"pixelkiddo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What laryngeal neuroendocrine neoplasms are covered in this review?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The review covers laryngeal epithelial neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), neural crest-derived paragangliomas, and mixed neuroendocrine–non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs).","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the review explain the need for precise classification?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It emphasizes that overlapping clinical presentation and histomorphological features can complicate subclassification, while biological behavior can range from indolent to highly aggressive. 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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen and Faculty Hospital, Charles University,  \n30599 Pilsen, Czech Republic  \n2 Bioptic Laboratory, Ltd., 30599 Pilsen, Czech Republic  \n3 Institute of Pathology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; [abbas.agaimy@uk-erlangen.de](abbas.agaimy@uk-erlangen.de)  \n4 Comprehensive Cancer Center, European Metropolitan Area Erlangen-Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany  \n5 Coordinator of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group, 35030 Padua, Italy; [profalfioferlito@gmail.com](profalfioferlito@gmail.com)  \n* [Correspondence: bradova@biopticka.cz](Correspondence: bradova@biopticka.cz); Tel.: +420-377-402-251  \n† This paper was written by members of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group.  \nAbstract  \nThis is a narrative review that describes the evolution of terminology and classification schemes of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), mixed neuroendocrine–non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs), and paragangliomas of the larynx, with the contribution of immunohistochemistry and treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx. Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx comprise both epithelial (NET and NEC) and neural crest-derived (paraganglioma) neoplasms. Their terminology has evolved substantially over time, with current classifications emphasizing biologically and clinically meaningful categories aligned with contemporary WHO frameworks of other organs. These neoplasms may show overlapping clinical presentation and histomorphological features, which can complicate accurate subclassification. However, precise classification is essential, as these entities display markedly different biological behavior, ranging from indolent to highly aggressive with poor prognosis, and their treatment is essentially histology-tailored. Neuroendocrine neoplasms are classified into three categories comprising six tumor subtypes: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs; grades 1, 2, and 3), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs; small-cell and large-cell types), and paragangliomas. An additional, not yet WHO-recognized category is MiNENs (mixed neuroendocrine–non-neuroendocrine neoplasms), defined by the coexistence of neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine components. These tumors exhibit distinct biological behavior and clinical significance.  \nKeywords: terminology; classification; larynx; neuroendocrine neoplasms; MiNEN  \n1. Introduction  \nLaryngeal neuroendocrine neoplasms (L-NENs) are very rare tumors representing much less than 1% of all laryngeal malignancies [1,2] and mostly appearing in the supraglottic area [3] . However, they represent the most common non-squamous-cell neoplasm  \npresenting at this site [4–8] . L-NENs are separated into epithelial (neuroendocrine tumors [NETs] and neuroendocrine carcinomas [NECs]) and neural (paragangliomas) categories [2,8–10] . Mixed neuroendocrine–non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) also belong to the epithelial category but with morphologically and immunohistochemically distinct neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine components [11] .  \n2. Historical Connotations of Epithelial Neuroendocrine Neoplasms  \nOver time the preferred terminology for the ","cbCaieHL8KBeCDlL","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieHL8KBeCDlL","pdf",342743,"English","# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction\n# 2. Historical Connotations of Epithelial Neuroendocrine Neoplasms","[{\"question\":\"What laryngeal neuroendocrine neoplasms are covered in this review?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers laryngeal epithelial neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), neural crest-derived paragangliomas, and mixed neuroendocrine–non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs).\"},{\"question\":\"How does the review explain the need for precise classification?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes that overlapping clinical presentation and histomorphological features can complicate subclassification, while biological behavior can range from indolent to highly aggressive. Treatment is described as histology-tailored, making accurate classification essential.\"},{\"question\":\"What are MiNENs according to the current discussion?\",\"answer\":\"MiNENs are defined as tumors with coexisting neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine components, and the article notes that this category is not yet recognized by WHO frameworks.\"}]","Historical Evolution of Terminology and Current Classification of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Larynx and Mixed Neuroendocrine–Non-Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (MiNENs) - Narrative Review | PDF",1790113778]