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The report studies two state approaches: Colorado’s local-first, state-supported model and Washington’s policy-driven, centralized model. 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Bishop, Ph.D.  \nMayra Cazares-Minero, Ph.D.  \nUCLA Center for the Transformation of Schools  \nTable of Contents  \nii Acknowledgments  \n01 Executive Summary  \n02 Glossary of Terms  \n04 Introduction  \n07 Methods  \n• Research Questions  \n• Data Sources and Analysis  \n08 Colorado  \n• Background  \n• Effective Practices  \n• Challenges  \n16 Washington  \n• Background  \n• Effective Practices  \n• Challenges  \n23 Cross-State Synthesis  \n• Similarities  \n• Differences  \n28 Lessons Learned  \n30 Recommendations  \n34 Limitations  \n35 Conclusion  \n36 References  \n39 Appendix A: Information About Interview Participants  \n39 Appendix B: Interview Coding  \n40 Appendix C: Policy Analysis  \n43 Appendix D: HMY Student Demographics and Educational Outcomes  \nAcknowledgments  \nThis joint research brief was produced with the generous support of The Fund for Education Success (FES), a collaboration between the Raikes Foundation, the Stuart Foundation, and the Walter S. Johnson Foundation. It was designed and edited by Geneva Sum, Communications Director for the UCLA Center for the Transformation of Schools (CTS). The authors also thank Peggy Carlson, Tomas Mejia, Paula Gumina, Dana Scott, and Jamie Burciaga for their review and feedback on the research. This report benefited from the insights of Alexia Everett, Senior Manager of Partnerships for the Stuart Foundation.  \nSuggested Citation: Harrington, H., Willis, J., Bishop, J. P. & Cazares-Minero, M. (2026) . Highly mobile youth: How state policy and local implementation can work together to support youth. WestEd; Center for the Transformation of Schools, School of Education & Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles.  \nExecutive Summary  \nHighly mobile youth (HMY)—students experiencing homelessness, foster care, migrant mobility, and/or juvenile justice involvement—face disruptions that undermine educational continuity and well-being. States play a pivotal role in coordinating systems across different sectors to address these challenges. This report examines two distinct state models: Colorado’s local-first, state-supported approach and Washington’s policy-driven, centralized model.  \nIn Colorado, cross-sector work often emerges from districts and local providers, with state policy scaling successful innovations and providing support through grants, convenings, and research partnerships. Washington, by contrast, advances alignment through legislation and state-led workgroups, with strong nonprofit advocacy shaping policy and system integration.  \nDespite different entry points, both states highlight common themes:  \n• Youth in foster care and those experiencing homelessness are consistently prioritized, while youth classified as migrant and those involved with the justice system remain less reliably supported.  \n• Direct service providers play indispensable roles as connectors between youth needs and policy.  \n• Sustainable cross-sector collaboration requires both institutionalized structures and individual leadership.  \nFrom these findings, several priorities for state leaders emerge:  \n• Align state-level policy while allowing local flexibility.  \n• Formalize cross-agency collaboration.  \n• Strengthen data and terminology foundations.  \n• Build trust in systems.  \n• Elevate youth voice in decision-making.  \n• Strengthen protections for youth classified as migrant and for youth involved with the justice system.  \nTogether, these strategies can help states design durable systems that respond to the full spectrum of mobility-related challenges facing HMY.  \nGlossary of Terms  \nBoards of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES)  \nRegional cooperative organizations that enable multiple school districts to share educational programs and administrative services—such as special education, professional development, and data management—more ","cbCaitokDNxN3uH5","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitokDNxN3uH5","pdf",6594060,47,"English","# Executive Summary\n# Glossary of Terms\n# Introduction\n# Methods\n## Research Questions\n## Data Sources and Analysis\n# Colorado\n## Background\n## Effective Practices\n## Challenges\n# Washington\n## Background\n## Effective Practices\n## Challenges\n# Cross-State Synthesis\n## Similarities\n## Differences\n# Lessons Learned\n# Recommendations\n# Limitations\n# Conclusion\n# References\n# Appendix A: Information About Interview Participants\n# Appendix B: Interview Coding\n# Appendix C: Policy Analysis\n# Appendix D: HMY Student Demographics and Educational Outcomes","[{\"question\":\"What does “highly mobile youth (HMY)” include in this report?\",\"answer\":\"The report uses HMY as an umbrella term covering youth experiencing homelessness, foster care, migrant mobility, and juvenile justice involvement.\"},{\"question\":\"How do Colorado and Washington differ in their approaches to supporting HMY?\",\"answer\":\"Colorado emphasizes local-first work scaled by state support through grants, convenings, and research partnerships. Washington emphasizes alignment through legislation and state-led workgroups, with nonprofit advocacy shaping policy and system integration.\"},{\"question\":\"What priorities does the report suggest for state leaders?\",\"answer\":\"Priorities include aligning state policy with local flexibility, formalizing cross-agency collaboration, strengthening data and terminology foundations, building trust, elevating youth voice, and strengthening protections for migrant youth and youth involved with the justice system.\"}]","Highly Mobile Youth - How State Policy and Local Implementation Can Work Together to Support Youth | PDF",1792064464,118]