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A high-intensity positron source combined with an upgraded hemispherical electron energy analyzer enables rapid acquisition of PAES spectra (10–80 minutes). High energy resolution allows measurement of representative Auger transitions, including the M2,3 VV double peak of nickel. Relative Auger-electron intensities are used to extract experimental relative surface core annihilation probabilities for Fe, Ni, Cu, Pd, and Au.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/high-resolution-auger-electron-spectroscopy-induced-by-positron-annihilation-on-fe-ni-cu-zn-pd-and-au/158549/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/high-resolution-auger-electron-spectroscopy-induced-by-positron-annihilation-on-fe-ni-cu-zn-pd-and-au/158549.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Xiajie","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-08-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What makes PAES useful for surface analysis compared with conventional AES?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"PAES removes core electrons through positron-electron annihilation, producing Auger spectra with minimal secondary-electron background and extreme surface sensitivity.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How is the PAES setup optimized to reduce measurement time?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"A PAES setup was installed at NEPOMUC using a high-intensity low-energy positron beam and a new state-of-the-art hemispherical electron energy analyzer with a large acceptance angle, improving both acquisition speed and signal-to-noise ratio.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which materials and quantities are investigated in the experiments?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"High-resolution PAES experiments are reported for Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, and Au, focusing on peak energies of Auger transitions and relative Auger intensities related to core annihilation probabilities.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},158549,1788004699,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},8814010472675,"https://avatar.qwps.com/avatar/WGlhamll","Journal of Physics: Conference Series 225 (2010) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/225/1/012015  \nHigh-resolution Auger-Electron Spectroscopy Induced by Positron Annihilation on Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, and Au  \nC. Hugenschmidt, J. Mayer, and K. Schreckenbach  \nFRMII and E21 Physics Department, Technische Universit¨at M¨unchen, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, D-85747 Garching  \nE-mail: [hugen@frm2.tum.de](hugen@frm2.tum.de)  \nAbstract. Positron annihilation induced Auger electron spectroscopy (PAES) enables almost background free, non-destructive surface analysis with high surface selectivity. The Augerspectrometer at the high intense positron source NEPOMUC now allows to record positron annihilation induced Auger spectra within a short data acquisition time of 10-80 minutes. With a new hemispherical electron energy analyzer and due to the exceptional peak to noise ratio, we succeeded to measure Auger-transitions such as the M2 ,3 VV double peak of nickel with high energy resolution. The relative Auger-electron intensities are obtained by the analysis of the recorded positron annihilation induced Auger spectra for the surfaces of Fe, Ni, Cu, Pd and Au. It is demonstrated, that high-resolution PAES allows to determine experimentally the relative surface core annihilation probability of various atomic levels.  \n1. Introduction  \nIn positron annihilation induced Auger-electron spectroscopy (PAES) the sample is irradiated with low-energy positrons with a kinetic energy of a few 10eV which is well below the threshold for impact ionization of core electrons. The implanted positrons thermalize very rapidly within a few picoseconds. Due to the low implantation energy the vast majority of the positrons di􀀋uses back to the surface where they can be trapped in the surface potential before they annihilate together with an electron (see e.g. [1]) . In contrast to conventional AES, where core electrons are removed by photo-ionization with X-rays (XAES) or by impact-ionization with keV-electrons (EAES), at PAES core electrons are removed by positron-electron annihilation for the initiation of the Auger-process. Since only the annihilation with core electrons leads to the emission of Auger-electrons the element dependent core annihilation probability is an important number to estimate the intensity of the relevant Auger transitions. Jensen et al. [2] calculated core annihilation probabilities for various materials which typically ranges between 1 and 10% .  \nThe completely di􀀋erent initiation of the Auger-transition leads to several advantages of PAES over conventional AES. The positron annihilation induced Auger-spectra show no secondary electron background in the range of higher Auger-transition energies due to the low positron energy. The annihilation of positrons, which are trapped in a surface state, with electrons in the topmost atomic layer leads to the extreme surface sensitivity of PAES. At PAES the emission of the Auger-electron is decoupled from the impact position of the positron, and hence the probed atom is neither perturbed by the impinging primary particle nor by the  \n􀀂c 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd 1  \nJournal of Physics: Conference Series 225 (2010) 012015 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/225/1/012015  \ndetached core electron. However, the main drawback of PAES is the very long measurement time of up to a few weeks for one spectrum, if usual lab beams based on 􀀌 +-emitters are used. For this reason, up to now only a few research groups [1, 3, 4] bene􀀌t from PAES’ advantages for surface studies.  \nTo overcome the long data acquisition times, we developed and installed a PAES-setup atthe positron beam facility NEPOMUC (NEutron induced POsitron source MUniCh) at the research reactor Heinz-Maier-Leibniz FRMII. Both, the high intensity of the low-energy positron beam of more than 107 moderated positrons per second, and a new state-of-the-art hemispherical electron energy analyzer with a large acceptance angle of up to 􀀆13◦ lead not only to an enormous reduction of","cbCaiiOxt95QGUx0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiOxt95QGUx0","pdf",477028,"English","# Introduction\n## Principle and advantages of PAES\n## Challenges and motivation\n# Experimental\n## Auger-spectrometer at the NEPOMUC positron beamline","[{\"question\":\"What makes PAES useful for surface analysis compared with conventional AES?\",\"answer\":\"PAES removes core electrons through positron-electron annihilation, producing Auger spectra with minimal secondary-electron background and extreme surface sensitivity.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the PAES setup optimized to reduce measurement time?\",\"answer\":\"A PAES setup was installed at NEPOMUC using a high-intensity low-energy positron beam and a new state-of-the-art hemispherical electron energy analyzer with a large acceptance angle, improving both acquisition speed and signal-to-noise ratio.\"},{\"question\":\"Which materials and quantities are investigated in the experiments?\",\"answer\":\"High-resolution PAES experiments are reported for Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, and Au, focusing on peak energies of Auger transitions and relative Auger intensities related to core annihilation probabilities.\"}]","High-resolution Auger-Electron Spectroscopy Induced by Positron Annihilation on Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, and Au | PDF",15]