[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-444236-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":80,"doc-detail-444236-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":73,"head_meta":75,"extra_data":77,"updated_unix":79},105,"en","high-concentrations-of-2-microglobulin-do-not-inhibit-in-vitro-generation-of-functional-dendritic-cells","High Concentrations of β2-Microglobulin Do Not Inhibit In Vitro Generation of Functional Dendritic Cells","","High β2-microglobulin (β2M) concentrations were previously reported to inhibit in vitro generation of functional dendritic cells (DCs), but new findings show the negative effect depends on endotoxin contamination. β2M preparations with high endotoxin impurities promoted DC maturation, whereas low-endotoxin β2M did not impair monocyte-to-DC differentiation or reduce DC functionality. Endotoxin-free conditions still supported MHC-I expression stability, indicating maintained β2M functionality across experimental settings. Results clarify clinical relevance for elevated β2M and its in vitro applications in immune regulation.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/high-concentrations-of-2-microglobulin-do-not-inhibit-in-vitro-generation-of-functional-dendritic-cells/444236/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/high-concentrations-of-2-microglobulin-do-not-inhibit-in-vitro-generation-of-functional-dendritic-cells/444236.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Cipher","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-01","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":22},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"Why do high β2-microglobulin levels not inhibit functional dendritic cell generation in this study?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"The study shows β2M exerts a negative effect only when preparations are contaminated with endotoxins. High endotoxin impurity drives observed changes, not β2M itself.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How did endotoxin levels in β2M preparations affect monocyte-derived DC differentiation?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"High-level endotoxin β2M compromised monocyte differentiation into DCs, while low-level endotoxin β2M had no negative impact and did not prevent DC maturation and functionality.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What evidence indicates that β2M remains functional in the experimental settings?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Regardless of endotoxin impurity levels, β2M stabilized MHC-I molecule expression, supporting its functionality in the in vitro system.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},444236,1790870515,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":22,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":106,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},687208528416,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Wiley  \nJournal of Immunology Research Volume 2026, Article ID 2924555, 7 pages [https://doi.org/10.1155/jimr/2924555](https://doi.org/10.1155/jimr/2924555)  \nResearch Article  \nHigh Concentrations of β2-Microglobulin Do Not Inhibit In Vitro Generation of Functional Dendritic Cells  \nPavla Taborska , Dmitry Stakheev , Katerina Krausova , Jirina Bartunkova , and Daniel Smrz   \nDepartment of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic Correspondence should be addressed to Daniel Smrz; [daniel.smrz@lfmotol.cuni.cz](daniel.smrz@lfmotol.cuni.cz)  \nReceived 9 July 2025; Revised 5 December 2025; Accepted 11 December 2025  \nAcademic Editor: Poorani Gurumallesh  \nCopyright © 2026 Pavla Taborska et al. Journal of Immunology Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \nβ2-microglobulin (β2M) is a small protein playing a critical role in stabilizing major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules on nucleated cells. Elevated levels of β2M have been observed in several cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, and renal failures. High concentrations of β2M were reported to inhibit in vitro generation of functional dendritic cells (DCs). However, our findings showed that β2M exerts a negative effect on DCs only when contaminated with endotoxins. We found that β2M preparations with a high level of endotoxin impurities matured DCs, but that this effect was not seen with functional β2M preparations with low levels of endotoxin impurities, thus showing the maturation effect was due to endotoxin stimulation. We confirmed that the high-level endotoxin β2M compromised the in vitro differentiation of monocytes into DCs. In contrast, a low-level endotoxin β2M had no negative impact on DC differentiation nor prevented their maturation and functionality. Moreover, regardless of the levels of endotoxin impurities, β2M stabilized the expression of MHC-I molecules, confirming its functionality in the experimental settings. Our results show that β2M does not compromise the differentiation of DCs and indicate that elevated levels of β2M are unlikely to negatively regulate the immune system. These results have significant implications for understanding the functions of high β2M concentrations in clinical contexts and in vitro applications.  \nKeywords: β2-microglobulin; dendritic cells; T cells  \n1. Introduction  \nβ2-microglobulin (β2M) is a nonglycosylated polypeptide that serves as the invariant chain of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, which are critical for antigen presentation [1, 2]. β2M is expressed by all nucleated cells, and its serum levels in adults are often found between 1 and 3 µg/ mL [3, 4]. Decreased levels of β2M can occur in certain genetic MHC-I deficiencies or immunodeficiencies [2]. Conversely, increased levels can be the consequence of renal dysfunction or chronic kidney disease [5]. Elevated β2M levels are also associated with autoimmune diseases, viral infections, hematologic malignancies, and solid tumors [6–10]. These elevated levels are presumably caused by immune activation, which leads to greater turnover of MHC-I molecules, as well as  \nincreased synthesis and shedding of β2M [3, 8, 11]. Despite its important physiological role, there is evidence suggesting that β2M can regulate the immune system. Elevated serum and plasma levels of β2M have been observed in various pathologiesto correlate with immune cell activation [1]. Conversely, Xie et al. [12] reported that high concentrations of β2M, exceeding 10 µg/mL, inhibit in vitro generation of functional monocytederived dendritic cells (moDCs). moDCs differentiated in the presence of β2M displayed an immunosuppressive phenotype characterized by high production of interleukin 6","cbCaivUNRmJfiZPy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivUNRmJfiZPy","pdf",2571808,"English","# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods\n## Specimen and β2M\n## Preparation of moDCs, Their Maturation, and Evaluation of Their Phenotype and Functionality","[{\"question\":\"Why do high β2-microglobulin levels not inhibit functional dendritic cell generation in this study?\",\"answer\":\"The study shows β2M exerts a negative effect only when preparations are contaminated with endotoxins. High endotoxin impurity drives observed changes, not β2M itself.\"},{\"question\":\"How did endotoxin levels in β2M preparations affect monocyte-derived DC differentiation?\",\"answer\":\"High-level endotoxin β2M compromised monocyte differentiation into DCs, while low-level endotoxin β2M had no negative impact and did not prevent DC maturation and functionality.\"},{\"question\":\"What evidence indicates that β2M remains functional in the experimental settings?\",\"answer\":\"Regardless of endotoxin impurity levels, β2M stabilized MHC-I molecule expression, supporting its functionality in the in vitro system.\"}]","High Concentrations of β2-Microglobulin Do Not Inhibit In Vitro Generation of Functional Dendritic Cells | PDF",1790707291,18]