[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-382192-105":59,"doc-detail-382192-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","heterogeneity-of-cholangiocarcinoma-immune-biology","Heterogeneity of Cholangiocarcinoma Immune Biology","","Cholangiocarcinomas are aggressive biliary tract tumors with rising incidence and mortality, characterized by a dense tumor microenvironment (TME). Interactions between cancer cells and TME shape initiation, progression, and resistance by altering immune-cell recruitment, infiltration, and differentiation. Disease stage and intra-/inter-patient heterogeneity can drive protumoral or antitumoral immune activities. Understanding immune-cell subtype roles may enable personalized immune-based therapies for cholangiocarcinoma management.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/heterogeneity-of-cholangiocarcinoma-immune-biology/382192/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/heterogeneity-of-cholangiocarcinoma-immune-biology/382192.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Finn","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What makes cholangiocarcinoma tumors particularly difficult to treat?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"They are aggressive malignancies that form a dense tumor microenvironment and often show high chemoresistance. Late diagnosis further limits curative options and worsens prognosis.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does the tumor microenvironment influence the immune response in cholangiocarcinoma?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Cancer cells and the TME interact to regulate immune-cell recruitment, infiltration, and differentiation. Depending on disease stage and heterogeneity, immune activity may support tumor growth or suppress it.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Why is immune-cell heterogeneity important for developing therapies?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Because different immune cell subtypes can contribute differently to initiation and progression, better characterization may reveal targets for personalized immune therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on immune-cell roles and their crosstalk within the TME.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},382192,1790470710,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},34359740700684,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1f400023980c374ae676?_k=1777273430885731487","cells  \nReview  \nHeterogeneity of Cholangiocarcinoma Immune Biology  \nFrancesca Vita 1,2,†, Irene Olaizola 3,†, Francesco Amato 1, Colin Rae 1, Sergi Marco 1, Jesus M. Banales 3,4,5,6 and Chiara Braconi 1,7, *  \nCitation: Vita, F.; Olaizola, I.; Amato, F.; Rae, C.; Marco, S.; Banales, J.M.; Braconi, C. Heterogeneity of Cholangiocarcinoma Immune Biology. Cells 2023, 12, 846. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/cells12060846](doi.org/10.3390/cells12060846)  \nAcademic Editor: Heather Francis  \nReceived: 2 February 2023  \nRevised: 4 March 2023  \nAccepted: 6 March 2023  \nPublished: 8 March 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; francesca.vita@unito.it (F.V.); [2496589a@student.gla.ac.uk](2496589a@student.gla.ac.uk) (F.A.); [colin.rae@glasgow.ac.uk](colin.rae@glasgow.ac.uk) (C.R.); [ser-gi.marco@glasgow.ac.uk](ser-gi.marco@glasgow.ac.uk) (S.M.)  \n2 Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy  \n3 Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute–Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; [irene.olaizola@biodonostia.org](irene.olaizola@biodonostia.org) (I.O.); [jesus.banales@biodonostia.org](jesus.banales@biodonostia.org) (J.M.B.)  \n4 IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain  \n5 National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd,“Instituto de Salud Carlos III”), 28029 Madrid, Spain  \n6 Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain  \n7 Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK  \n* Correspondence: [chiara.braconi@glasgow.ac.uk](chiara.braconi@glasgow.ac.uk)  \n† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract: Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are aggressive tumors arising along the biliary tract epithelium, whose incidence and mortality are increasing. CCAs are highly desmoplastic cancers characterized by a dense tumor microenvironment (TME), in which each single component plays a fundamental role in shaping CCA initiation, progression and resistance to therapies. The crosstalk between cancer cells and TME can affect the recruitment, infiltration and differentiation of immune cells. According to the stage of the disease and to intra-and inter-patient heterogeneity, TME may contribute to either protumoral or antitumoral activities. Therefore, a better understanding of the effect of each immune cell subtype may open the path to new personalized immune therapeutic strategies for the management of CCA. In this review, we describe the role of immune cells in CCA initiation and progression, and their crosstalk with both cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and the cancer-stem-cell-like (CSC) niche.  \nKeywords: cholangiocarcinoma; liver; immune cells; tumor microenvironment; heterogeneity; cancer-associated fibroblasts; cancer stem cells  \n1. Introduction  \nCholangiocarcinoma (CCA) comprises a heterogeneous group of malignancies arising along the biliary tree epithelium [1] . According to their anatomical origin, CCAs are classified as intrahepatic (iCCA), perihilar (pCCA) or distal CCA (dCCA), which share similarities but also have important inter-tumor and intra-tumor differences that can affect the pathogenesis and outcome [2,3] . The global trend of CCAs indicates an increase in their incidence (0.3–6 per 100.000 inhabitants per year) over the past few decades, and they now account for ~3% of all gastrointestinal cancers [2,4,5] . Patients with CCA are frequently asymptomatic in early tum","cbCaijFefOyZn4Q8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijFefOyZn4Q8","pdf",2034303,27,"English","# Introduction\n## Cholangiocarcinoma classification and clinical burden\n## Tumor microenvironment and stromal components\n# Immune cell roles in cholangiocarcinoma","[{\"question\":\"What makes cholangiocarcinoma tumors particularly difficult to treat?\",\"answer\":\"They are aggressive malignancies that form a dense tumor microenvironment and often show high chemoresistance. Late diagnosis further limits curative options and worsens prognosis.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the tumor microenvironment influence the immune response in cholangiocarcinoma?\",\"answer\":\"Cancer cells and the TME interact to regulate immune-cell recruitment, infiltration, and differentiation. Depending on disease stage and heterogeneity, immune activity may support tumor growth or suppress it.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is immune-cell heterogeneity important for developing therapies?\",\"answer\":\"Because different immune cell subtypes can contribute differently to initiation and progression, better characterization may reveal targets for personalized immune therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on immune-cell roles and their crosstalk within the TME.\"}]","Heterogeneity of Cholangiocarcinoma Immune Biology | PDF",1790249474,68]