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Article  \nHereditary colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer: comprehensive review  \nToni T. Seppälä1,2,3,4,* , Richard A. Burkhart5,6 and Bryson W. Katona7  \n1Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland  \n2Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tampere University Hospital and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere, Finland 3Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland  \n4Department of Abdominal Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland 5Department of Surgical Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 6Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA  \n7Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA  \n*Correspondence to: Toni T. Seppälä, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Kauppi Campus, Arvo Building, B212/D243-244, 33520 Tampere, Finland ([e-mail: toni.seppala@tuni.fi](e-mail: toni.seppala@tuni.fi))  \nAbstract  \nBackground: Inheritance patterns show familial clustering of gastrointestinal cancers, and multiple germline conditions have now been identified that predispose to colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancers.  \nMethods: A narrative review based on recent relevant literature was conducted.  \nResults: Lynch syndrome, formerly known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, increases the risk of several abdominal cancers, with the highest population prevalence. Familial adenomatous polyposis and some of the more infrequent polyposis syndromes have distinct characteristics affecting various organ-specific cancer risks. Hereditary gastric and pancreatic cancer syndromes include those also causing colorectal cancer, while additional genetic disorders predisposing only to upper gastrointestinal malignancies have been recognized more recently. Diagnosing and managing hereditary cancer syndromes requires multidisciplinary expertise and may be best managed in tertiary centres, with a need to consider patient preference and ensure shared decision-making.  \nConclusion: Several germline conditions predispose to colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer, which inform identification, surveillance regimens, prevention, cascade screening, counselling, and surgical management. The authors describe developmentsin the hereditary origin of colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer with current recommendations in surveillance and surgical management.  \nIntroduction  \nHereditary cancer refers to an increased probability of developing a malignant tumour due to an inherited genetic defect, polygenic risk, epigenetic factor, or otherwise unknown trait. Germline genetic predispositions can increase the risk of multiple different cancer types in various organs, often at relative early onset, causing a syndromic phenotype with distinct features. Sometimes a genotype–phenotype correlation is less evident, and only systematic tumour and germline testing may identify a hereditary condition. Hereditary cancers caused by germline defects often result in particular molecular alterations that open opportunities for precision medicine by targeted therapies1. Effective cascade testing of relatives should be used as an adjunct to systematic tumour and genetic testing and may improve outcome through surveillance and preventive measures2.  \nIf the risk-modifying factor in a phenotypically high-risk family remains unidentified, the high familial risk may warrant increased surveillance and continued research to identify the responsible genetic factor. Clinical phenotypes have been used to create diagnostic criteria, but the studies the criteria are  \nbased on have often been influenced by ascertainment bias, that is returning the inclusion criteria as ","cbCairHgRiCx7vwt","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairHgRiCx7vwt","pdf",359878,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Introduction\n# Hereditary colorectal cancer","[{\"question\":\"What types of inherited factors are discussed as causes of hereditary gastrointestinal cancers?\",\"answer\":\"Hereditary cancer is attributed to inherited genetic defects, polygenic risk, epigenetic factors, or other traits not yet identified.\"},{\"question\":\"Which hereditary syndromes increase risk for colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancers?\",\"answer\":\"Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, other polyposis syndromes, and hereditary diffuse gastric and pancreatic cancer syndromes are highlighted, including gene-associated conditions such as CDH1 and BRCA1/2.\"},{\"question\":\"How should hereditary cancer syndromes be diagnosed and managed?\",\"answer\":\"Diagnosis and management require multidisciplinary expertise and may be best handled in tertiary centres, incorporating patient preferences and shared decision-making.\"}]","Hereditary colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer: comprehensive review | PDF",1790227333,48]