[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-124610-en":3,"doc-seo-124610-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},124610,687197100911,"Himbo","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1785132997149421697",8,"Research & Report","Heart Diseases Prediction Using Blockchain and Machine Learning - SCA-WKNN Model","Heart disease causes significant global mortality, driven in part by limited secure healthcare infrastructure for reliable patient data storage and transmission. Redundant and hard-to-maintain records make early prediction difficult for cardiac professionals. This work leverages blockchain-based data protection and a machine learning approach, the sine-cosine weighted k-nearest neighbor (SCA-WKNN), to predict heart disease using attributes such as blood pressure, cholesterol, body weight, and smoking. Comparative evaluation reports improved performance metrics and increased precision, while blockchain supports higher throughput and data immutability for authorized access.","Heart Diseases Prediction Using Blockchain and Machine Learning  \nMuhammad Shoaib Farooq1, Kiran Amjad1  \n1 Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan Corresponding author: Muhammad Shoaib Farooq (e-mail: [shoaib.farooq@umt.edu.pk](shoaib.farooq@umt.edu.pk))  \nABSTRACT Most people around the globe are dying due to heart disease. The main reason behind the rapid increase in the death rate due to heart disease is that there is no infrastructure developed for the healthcare department that can provide a secure way of data storage and transmission. Due to redundancy in the patient data, it is difficult for cardiac Professionals to predict the disease early on. This rapid increase in the death rate due to heart disease can be controlled by monitoring and eliminating some of the key attributes in the early stages such as blood pressure, cholesterol level, body weight, and addiction to smoking. Patient data can be monitored by cardiac Professionals (Cp) by using the advanced framework in the healthcare departments. Blockchain is the world's most reliable provider. The use of advanced systems in the healthcare departments providing new ways of dealing with diseases has been developed as well. In this article Machine Learning (ML) algorithm known as a sine-cosine weighted k-nearest neighbor (SCAWKNN) is used for predicting the Hearth disease with the maximum accuracy among the existing approaches. Blockchain technology has been used in the research to secure the data throughout the session and can give more accurate results using this technology. The performance of the system can be improved by using this algorithm and the dataset proposed has been improved by using different resources as well. Numerous algorithms have been compared on basis of their accuracy, F-measure, recall, and root-mean-square value to get better results. Novelty in this research is to find a model or algorithm that can secure the patient’s data using higher accuracy algorithms. Moreover, research shows that SCA-WKNN accomplishes 15.51% greatest precision than the existing approaches, separately. Lastly, Blockchain has achieved maximum throughput than any other network in the era of security.  \nINDEX TERMS Block-chain, Algorithm, Machine Learning, K-nearest Neighbor, Heart Disease, Sine Cosine Algorithm Weighted K-Nearest Neighbor.  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nThe heart is one of the most essential organs or muscles within the human body consisting of four chambers and the main functionality ofthe heart is that it works as a pump to circulate the blood [1] . The circulated blood carries oxygen that reaches the organ of the human body and leaves with carbon dioxide and wastes from the metabolism that’s why the heart is known as the most important organ for human survival [2] .  \nThe term Heart disease refers to serval different heart conditions but the most common type is cardiovascular disease (CVDs) with the highest death rate [3] . the major factors behind these diseases are High blood pressure High Cholesterol levels and addiction to smoking [4] .  \nAccording to research, most people in the world have three of these factors that’s why most of the deaths in the world are because by heart diseases [5] . This raising tally of death due to heart disease can be  \ncontrolled if patients suffering from it are diagnosed atan early stage of disease by assessing or monitoring their blood pressure levels, cholesterol levels body weight, and blood sugar levels [6] . However, the routine mentoring and maintenance of each patient’s record is a difficult task to achieve [7], [8] .  \nThe current systems which are being used in our health care departments are not up to the mark as these systems do not support the latest technologies. This issue can be resolved by using technology like (IoT) internet of things which is advanced technology by using IoT devices different activities can be performed in a quick time like the healt","cbCaiiGQzkwKppj0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiGQzkwKppj0","pdf",1547233,1,23,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Index Terms\n# Introduction\n## Heart anatomy and function\n## Heart disease causes and risk factors\n## Need for early diagnosis and monitoring\n## Limitations of current healthcare systems\n## Role of IoT in data collection and monitoring\n## Blockchain-based decentralized architecture for secure records","[{\"question\":\"Why is early heart disease prediction important?\",\"answer\":\"Early diagnosis enables controlling the rising mortality by monitoring key attributes such as blood pressure, cholesterol, body weight, and smoking-related risk at an early stage.\"},{\"question\":\"How does blockchain help in the proposed system?\",\"answer\":\"Blockchain is used to secure patient records through decentralized storage, cryptographic linking of blocks, hash-based authorized access, and immutability to prevent unauthorized modification or deletion.\"},{\"question\":\"What machine learning method is used for prediction?\",\"answer\":\"The document uses a sine-cosine weighted k-nearest neighbor (SCA-WKNN) algorithm to predict heart disease, evaluated against other algorithms using accuracy-related metrics.\"}]","Heart Diseases Prediction Using Blockchain and Machine Learning - SCA-WKNN Model | PDF",1785893295,58,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"heart-diseases-prediction-using-blockchain-and-machine-learning-sca-wknn-model","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/heart-diseases-prediction-using-blockchain-and-machine-learning-sca-wknn-model/124610/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why is early heart disease prediction important?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Early diagnosis enables controlling the rising mortality by monitoring key attributes such as blood pressure, cholesterol, body weight, and smoking-related risk at an early stage.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does blockchain help in the proposed system?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Blockchain is used to secure patient records through decentralized storage, cryptographic linking of blocks, hash-based authorized access, and immutability to prevent unauthorized modification or deletion.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What machine learning method is used for prediction?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The document uses a sine-cosine weighted k-nearest neighbor (SCA-WKNN) algorithm to predict heart disease, evaluated against other algorithms using accuracy-related metrics.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]