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Results indicate infertile men face higher risk of death, several cancers (notably testicular cancer), metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypogonadism, and cardiovascular disease, while emphasizing the need for thorough assessment and ongoing 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diseases, then selected relevant references.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Why are healthcare assessments recommended for men diagnosed with non-obstructive azoospermia?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Because available studies support greater health vulnerabilities, the review concludes that clinicians should perform thorough health assessments, inform patients about potential risks, and provide ongoing monitoring to enable early detection and intervention.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},365669,1790246754,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & 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[https://journals.lww.com/ajandrology](https://journals.lww.com/ajandrology)  \nOpen Access  \nMale Infertility  \nINVITED REVIEW  \nHealth risks associated with infertility and non-obstructive azoospermia  \nEric Huyghe1,2, Peter Ka-Fung Chiu3  \nNon-obstructive azoospermia is a common condition associated with significant health risks, including increased mortality, cancer, and chronic diseases such as metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. This review aims to highlight the potential health challenges faced by men with this condition compared to fertile counterparts. Through a comprehensive bibliographic search on PubMed, using the following algorithm: (“infertility, male” [MeSH Terms] OR “azoospermia” [MeSH Terms]) AND (“mortality”[MeSH Terms] OR “neoplasms” [MeSH Terms] OR “chronic disease” [MeSH Terms] OR “diabetes mellitus” [MeSH Terms] OR“heart diseases” [MeSH Terms]), we analyzed existing literature to explore the associations between infertility, specifically azoospermia, and adverse health outcomes. Findings indicate that infertile men are at a higher risk of death, various cancers (particularly testicular cancer), metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypogonadism, and cardiovascular disease. Although research specifically addressing azoospermia is limited, available studies support the notion that men with this condition may experience heightened health vulnerabilities. Given these risks, it is imperative for healthcare professionals, especially urologists, to conduct thorough health assessments for men diagnosed with azoospermia. Informing patients of these potential health issues and integrating comprehensive evaluations into their care can facilitate early detection and intervention for life-threatening conditions. Ultimately, men with azoospermia should receive ongoing monitoring to address their specific health concerns, thus improving their long-term health outcomes.  \nAsian Journal of Andrology (2025) 27 , 428–432; doi: 10.4103/aja20256; published online: 15 April 2025 Keywords: health risks; infertility; non-obstructive azoospermia  \nINTRODUCTION  \nAzoospermia, defined as the absence of sperm in the ejaculate on two successive spermograms,1 affects 1% of all men and up to 15% of men consulting for infertility.2 The most common situation leading to azoospermia, accounting for 50%–92% of cases depending on the study, is secretory azoospermia, commonly known as non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA).3–5 This situation corresponds to a heterogeneous group characterized by various impairments of spermatogenesis. Although underlying genetic abnormalities, such as Klinefelter syndrome or Y chromosome microdeletions, are detected in around 20% of cases,3,4,6 and that other non-genetic causes (varicocele, undescended testes, testicular torsion, orchitis, gonadotoxic effects of drugs, and pretesticular causes) can sometimes be identified, the etiology of testicular dysfunction leading to NOA remains unknown in many patients.5  \nFor a long time, the attention and efforts of reproductive medicine professionals were focused on the results of assisted reproductive techniques (ART), especially when the man has NOA. This is a situation where the results in terms of births are less favorable than those in other groups of infertile patients. However, more and more attention is being paid to other health risks of men with NOA. For example, a recent international consensus in 2021 entitled “Partnership for Priority Setting in Infertility” brought together 179 health professionals, 153  \npeople with fertility problems, and 56 others from 40 countries, to identify the top 10 research priorities for future infertility research. A modified nominal group technique was used to prioritize the top 10 research uncertainties for each area. Of the 10 priorities for male infertility, one was “What are the comorbidities associated withinfertility?” and the related question","cbCairRCcUIakUmS","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairRCcUIakUmS","pdf",205875,"English","# Introduction\n## Mortality","[{\"question\":\"What health risks are associated with infertility and non-obstructive azoospermia?\",\"answer\":\"The review describes increased mortality and higher risks of cancers, including testicular cancer, as well as chronic conditions such as metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and hypogonadism.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the evidence collected in this review?\",\"answer\":\"The authors conducted a bibliographic search on PubMed using a specified algorithm combining infertility/azoospermia terms with outcomes such as mortality, neoplasms, chronic disease, diabetes mellitus, and heart diseases, then selected relevant references.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are healthcare assessments recommended for men diagnosed with non-obstructive azoospermia?\",\"answer\":\"Because available studies support greater health vulnerabilities, the review concludes that clinicians should perform thorough health assessments, inform patients about potential risks, and provide ongoing monitoring to enable early detection and intervention.\"}]","Health risks associated with infertility and non-obstructive azoospermia - Invited Review | PDF",1790161703,13]