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This research article analyzes health insurance literacy, education, and literacy skills in 75 low wage earners, finding low to moderate associations across reading, numeracy, and digital literacies, education, and HIL, with reading emerging as uniquely significant in regression results. Individuals with low education and weak reading skills likely need additional support to access and use their health insurance.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/health-insurance-literacy-and-low-wage-earners-why-reading-matters/588823/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/health-insurance-literacy-and-low-wage-earners-why-reading-matters/588823.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Chumphorn","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the study define health insurance literacy (HIL)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"HIL is treated as a specialized form of health literacy focused on understanding health insurance benefits, costs, and terminology. It includes finding and evaluating information, selecting a plan, and using the plan once enrolled.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What relationship did the study find between literacy, education, and HIL?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Results showed low to moderate associations between HIL and literacies (reading, numeracy, digital) as well as educational attainment. In multiple regression, only reading remained uniquely significant.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why are health insurance documents difficult for low wage earners to use?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Insurance documents use complex, often post-graduate level legal language and may be syntactically challenging. Difficulties can extend to understanding key terms and performing numeracy tasks needed to interpret costs and benefits.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},588823,1792210274,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336475401981,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c94efd8d5204d?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786935347598174694","ADULT LITERACY EDUCATION Fall 2019  \nResearch Article  \nHealth Insurance Literacy and Low Wage Earners: Why Reading Matters  \nIris Feinberg, Georgia State University; Daphne Greenberg, Georgia State University; Elizabeth L. Tighe, Georgia State University; and Michelle Mavreles Ogrodnick, Georgia State University  \nAbstract  \nIn the United States, worker health care is funded through health insurance plans paid for by employers. Insurance plans are written in complicated language that low wage earners (LWE), who have lower levels of education, may find difficult to understand. We examined the relationship between health insurance literacy (HIL), education, and literacy skills for 75 LWE. Results indicated low to moderate associations between literacies (reading, numeracy, digital), educational attainment and HIL; in a multiple regression analysis, only reading was uniquely significant. LWE with low educational attainment and poor reading skills may need additional support to understand and use their health insurance.  \nHealth literacy is the ability of people to access, understand, and use health information (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Adults with low health literacy have low reading, numeracy, and digital skills which means that they have difficulty reading medication and discharge instructions, following instructions on a prescription bottle, using a table or chart to calculate their insurance deductibles, finding accurate health information on the Internet and/ or understanding the concept of risk (America’s Health Literacy: Why We Need Accessible Health Information, 2008; Bartholomae, Russell, Braun,& McCoy, 2016; Feinberg, Greenberg, & Frijters, 2015). Low health literacy is correlated with lower levels of educational attainment, higher  \nuse of non-print health information sources (radio or television), and less use of the Internet for accessing health information (Feinberg et al., 2015). Individual health literacy does not exist in a vaccum; rather, it is the interplay between one’s individual skills and the health literacy level of information that is provided that can further complicate how individuals access, understand, and use health information (Berkman, Davis,& McCormack, 2010; Rudd, 2015). Differences in culture, ethnicity, language, and social determinants of health such as socioeconomic status also affect an individual’s health literacy. Beliefs about health and health care, the meanings of words, access to health care, preferences of language and cultural beliefs all have a  \nCorrespondence: Iris Feinberg, [ifeinberg2@gsu.edu](ifeinberg2@gsu.edu); Daphne Greenberg, [dgreenberg@gsu.edu](dgreenberg@gsu.edu); Elizabeth L. Tighe [etighe@gsu.edu](etighe@gsu.edu); and  \nMichelle Mavreles Ogrodnick, [mmavreles1@gsu.edu](mmavreles1@gsu.edu)  \ndirect relationship on how individuals access, understand, and use health information (NielsenBohlman, Panzer, & Kindig, 2004).  \nHealth insurance literacy (HIL), considered a specialized form of health literacy, has not received wide attention. Although more than 63% of Americans under the age of 65 have health insurance coverage through employer-sponsored insurance plans (Kaiser Family Foundation [KFF], n.d.), it is not clear how many people actually understand the health insurance benefits, costs, or terminology that are described in health insurance documents. The Institue of Medicine  \n(IOM) Health Insurance Literacy Roundatable defines HIL as this lack of understanding, which includes finding and evaluating information, selecting the best plan, and using the plan once enrolled (IOM, 2012).  \nThere is no agreed upon national measure for“adequate” HIL. Both the KFF and American Institutes of Research (AIR) developed HIL surveys to assess knowledge of basic health insurance terms and understanding of insurance concepts including calculating co-pays (KFF, n.d.; Paez et al., 2014). In both cases, these surveys indicated that about 60% of U.S. adults c","cbCaipqowpZvSldK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipqowpZvSldK","pdf",345059,15,"English","# Abstract\n# Health literacy and health insurance literacy\n## Definitions and measurement\n# Findings on low wage earners\n## Literacy skills and regression results\n# Barriers in insurance documents\n## Reading, numeracy, and digital access","[{\"question\":\"How does the study define health insurance literacy (HIL)?\",\"answer\":\"HIL is treated as a specialized form of health literacy focused on understanding health insurance benefits, costs, and terminology. It includes finding and evaluating information, selecting a plan, and using the plan once enrolled.\"},{\"question\":\"What relationship did the study find between literacy, education, and HIL?\",\"answer\":\"Results showed low to moderate associations between HIL and literacies (reading, numeracy, digital) as well as educational attainment. In multiple regression, only reading remained uniquely significant.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are health insurance documents difficult for low wage earners to use?\",\"answer\":\"Insurance documents use complex, often post-graduate level legal language and may be syntactically challenging. Difficulties can extend to understanding key terms and performing numeracy tasks needed to interpret costs and benefits.\"}]","Health Insurance Literacy and Low Wage Earners: Why Reading Matters | PDF",1792066006,38]