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The chemopreventive or therapeutic mechanisms likely involve complex interactions among over 1000 roasted coffee compounds, including Nrf2-related oxidative stress pathways, receptor signaling (AhR, NR4A1), epigenetic regulation, and the gut microbiome.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/health-benefits-of-coffee-consumption-for-cancer-and-other-diseases-review/382085/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/health-benefits-of-coffee-consumption-for-cancer-and-other-diseases-review/382085.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"anakgang17","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",6,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What health outcomes are associated with higher coffee consumption?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Higher coffee intake is associated with decreased mortality and lower risks of neurological and metabolic diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and type 2 diabetes. 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Davidson 3 and Robert S. Chapkin 3  \nCitation: Safe, S.; Kothari, J.;  \nHailemariam, A.; Upadhyay, S.; Davidson, L.A.; Chapkin, R.S. Health Benefits of Coffee Consumption for Cancer and Other Diseases and Mechanisms of Action. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 2706. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms24032706](10.3390/ijms24032706)  \nAcademic Editor: Gansukh Enkhtaivan  \nReceived: 19 December 2022  \nRevised: 24 January 2023  \nAccepted: 26 January 2023  \nPublished: 31 January 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA  \n2 Master of Biotechnology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA  \n3 Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA  \n* Correspondence: [ssafe@cvm.tamu.edu](ssafe@cvm.tamu.edu)  \nAbstract: Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, and epidemiology studies associate higher coffee consumption with decreased rates of mortality and decreased rates of neurological and metabolic diseases, including Parkinson's disease and type 2 diabetes. In addition, there is also evidence that higher coffee consumption is associated with lower rates of colon and rectal cancer, as well as breast, endometrial, and other cancers, although for some of these cancers, the results are conflicting. These studies reflect the chemopreventive effects of coffee; there is also evidence that coffee consumption may be therapeutic for some forms of breast and colon cancer, and this needs to be further investigated. The mechanisms associated with the chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic effects of over 1000 individual compounds in roasted coffee are complex and may vary with different diseases. Some of these mechanisms may be related to nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2)-regulated pathways that target oxidative stress or pathways that induce reactive oxygen species to kill diseased cells (primarily therapeutic) . There is evidence for the involvement of receptors which include the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1), as well as contributions from epigenetic pathways and the gut microbiome. Further elucidation of the mechanisms will facilitate the potential future clinical applications of coffee extracts for treating cancer and other inflammatory diseases.  \nKeywords: coffee; AH receptor; Nrf2; redox; health  \n1. Introduction  \nCoffee is among the most widely consumed beverages in the world, and it is estimated that over two billion cups of coffee are consumed daily [1,2] . Coffee intake is highly variable with respect to different countries, ages, and sex, and there appears to be a continuing increase in consumption which parallels, in part, the increasing number of specialty coffee shops in many countries. Coffee intake is often associated with the stimulant caffeine, which is a major component of coffee, and the average caffeine intake in the United States is 135 milligrams per day, which is equivalent to about 1.5 cups per day. Many individuals consume up to 6 cups of coffee per day and much higher amounts of caffeine. Although roasted coffee beans and brewed coffee contain high levels of caffeine, there are several hundred individual phytochemical-derived compounds in coffee, and these include chlorogenic acid/lignans, alkaloids, polyphenolics, ","cbCaidvoX6nW82Du","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidvoX6nW82Du","pdf",1643314,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction\n# 2. Coffee and Health Benefits: Non-Cancer\n## 2.1. Mortality","[{\"question\":\"What health outcomes are associated with higher coffee consumption?\",\"answer\":\"Higher coffee intake is associated with decreased mortality and lower risks of neurological and metabolic diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and type 2 diabetes. It is also linked to lower colon and rectal cancer rates, with mixed results for some other cancers.\"},{\"question\":\"Why can study results about coffee and cancer differ?\",\"answer\":\"Differences may arise from incomplete consideration of factors such as sex dependency and other potential unknown confounders. Some studies do not correlate, and in some cases report conflicting findings.\"},{\"question\":\"What mechanisms are proposed for coffee’s protective or therapeutic effects?\",\"answer\":\"Proposed mechanisms include Nrf2-regulated pathways related to oxidative stress, induction of reactive oxygen species to kill diseased cells, involvement of receptors such as AhR and NR4A1, epigenetic pathways, and contributions from the gut microbiome.\"}]","Health Benefits of Coffee Consumption for Cancer and Other Diseases - Review | PDF",1790248954,48]