[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-142545-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-142545-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","head-space-single-drop-micro-extraction-gas-chromatography-flame-ionization-detection-hs-sdme-gc-fid-method-for-the-analysis-of-common-fatty-acids","Head Space Single Drop Micro Extraction Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection (HS-SDME-GC-FID) Method for the Analysis of Common Fatty Acids","","Objectives focus on the need for a fast, cheap, and efficient analytical approach to define and authenticate fatty-acid composition in herbal, food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic contexts where many oils sold with health claims lack clear coverage in relevant monographs. Materials and Methods describe HS-SDME coupled with GC-FID, with fatty acids derivatized to methyl esters and extracted by optimized headspace conditions. Results report improved precision and salting-out-enhanced recovery. Conclusion supports effective extraction of fatty acids for broader analytical workflows using GC-FID.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/head-space-single-drop-micro-extraction-gas-chromatography-flame-ionization-detection-hs-sdme-gc-fid-method-for-the-analysis-of-common-fatty-acids/142545/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/head-space-single-drop-micro-extraction-gas-chromatography-flame-ionization-detection-hs-sdme-gc-fid-method-for-the-analysis-of-common-fatty-acids/142545.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Maya Linwood","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-08-25",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is a new analytical method needed for common fatty acids in oils?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Post-marketing surveillance indicates that many vegetable oils marketed with health-related claims are not adequately covered by monographs or criteria. A fast, efficient method is required to express and authenticate fatty-acid profiles.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does the HS-SDME-GC-FID workflow prepare fatty acids for analysis?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Fatty acids are derivatized using 2 mol/L KOH in methanol to form methyl esters, then extracted using a headspace single-drop microextraction with a sodium dodecyl sulfate:1-butanol mixture before GC-FID measurement.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What extraction conditions produced the best analytical results?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The most suitable conditions reported are 360 µL of FAMEs, a 2.0 mL vial, 0.07 g NaCl for salting-out, 45 °C extraction temperature, and 35 minutes extraction time.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},142545,1787683146,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":125},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":112,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":80,"read_time":118,"preview_page_count":4},962084928432,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Turk J Pharm Sci 2023;20(6):397-404 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2023.63494  \nORIGINAL ARTICLE  \nHead Space Single Drop Micro Extraction Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection (HS-SDME-GC-FID) Method for the Analysis of Common Fatty Acids  \n Aslıhan EKİCİ1,  Onur Kenan ULUTAŞ2,  Aysel BERKKAN3*  \n1 Gazi University, Health Sciences Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Türkiye  \n2 Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Türkiye  \n3 Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Türkiye  \nABSTRACT  \nObjectives: Post-marketing/surveillance studies show that most of the many vegetable oils that are sold with health-promoting claims or statements with high nutritional values and are beneficial against diseases are off-limits of related monographs/criteria. Defining the oil with a fast, cheap, and efficient analytical method is needed to express fatty acids in any herbal product to authenticate, trace, specify, and classify the content.  \nMaterials and Methods: Here, we define a new simple tool with a headspace single drop microextraction (HS-SDME) method coupled with a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for the analysis of common fatty acids (FAs) in oils. Linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid, and linoleic acid in olive oil, thyme oil, and fish oil were determined. Derivatization was performed with 0.2 mL of 2 mol/L KOH in methanol to transfer the FAsof oils into their methyl esters (FAMEs) . Then, FAMEs were extracted using a head space single drop, which is 2.0 µL of sodium dodecyl sulfate:1-  \nbutanol (1:3, v/v) mixture.  \nResults: The most suitable extraction condition was that 360 µL of the FAMEs, 2.0 mL vial, 0.07 g NaCl as a salting-out effect, 45 °C extraction temperature, and 35 min extraction time. The precision of the method was below 12%, with accuracy validated by the GC-FID reference method. Conclusion: The HS-SDME can be used effectively for extracting FAs from oils for improved analysis of other FAs. The method is of direct importance and relevance for the herbal, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries.  \nKey words: Head space, microextraction, gas chromatography flame ionization detection, HD-SDME-GC-FID, fatty acids  \n\n| INTRODUCTION\u003Cbr>Fatty acids are monocarboxylic acids with double carbon numbers, cis structures, unbranched or straight chains, or | The most common fatty acid in nature is oleic acid (18:1, n-9 or omega-9); however, there is also linoleic acid (18:2, n-6 or omega 6), linolenic acid (18:3, n-3 or omega-3), and arachidonic |\n| --- | --- |\n| acyclic structures. Vegetable-derived oils usually contain fatty | acid (20:4, n-6 or omega-6) . Although animal organisms can |\n| acids with one or more double bonds in their structure. The | synthesize only a single pair of double-bond fatty acids, fatty acids |\n| melting points of fatty acids vary depending on the length of | with multiple double bonds (i. e. linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid) |\n| the chain and the degree of unsaturation. The melting points | are also essential and should be taken externally.3,4 Omega-3 |\n| of short-chain fatty acids are lower than those of long-chain | and omega-6 fatty acids, which cannot be synthesized by the |\n| fatty acids. Thus, the melting point decreases with an increase | body, are converted into longer-chain fatty acids when taken into |\n| in the number of double bonds.1,2 | the body. Linoleic acid is metabolized to arachidonic acid in the |\n\n*Correspondence: [ayselberkkan@gmail.com](ayselberkkan@gmail.com)*, Phone: +90 505 319 02 24, [ORCID-ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4669-5496](ORCID-ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4669-5496)[ ](ORCID-ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4669-5496)[Received: 09.11.2022](Received: 09.11.2022), [Accepted:](Accepted:) 12.02.2023  \n©2023 The Author. Published by Galenos Publishing House on behalf of Turkish Pharmacists’ Association.  \nThis is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonC","cbCair8Q9Fo2vuHU","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair8Q9Fo2vuHU","pdf",1076916,"English","# Introduction\n## Fatty acids and omega fatty acids background\n## Sources and health-related implications\n# Materials and Methods\n## HS-SDME derivatization and GC-FID analysis\n# Results\n## Optimized extraction conditions and performance\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"Why is a new analytical method needed for common fatty acids in oils?\",\"answer\":\"Post-marketing surveillance indicates that many vegetable oils marketed with health-related claims are not adequately covered by monographs or criteria. A fast, efficient method is required to express and authenticate fatty-acid profiles.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the HS-SDME-GC-FID workflow prepare fatty acids for analysis?\",\"answer\":\"Fatty acids are derivatized using 2 mol/L KOH in methanol to form methyl esters, then extracted using a headspace single-drop microextraction with a sodium dodecyl sulfate:1-butanol mixture before GC-FID measurement.\"},{\"question\":\"What extraction conditions produced the best analytical results?\",\"answer\":\"The most suitable conditions reported are 360 µL of FAMEs, a 2.0 mL vial, 0.07 g NaCl for salting-out, 45 °C extraction temperature, and 35 minutes extraction time.\"}]","Head Space Single Drop Micro Extraction Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection (HS-SDME-GC-FID) Method for the Analysis of Common Fatty Acids | PDF"]