[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-378824-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-378824-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","head-and-neck-cancer-patient-derived-tumouroid-cultures-opportunities-and-challenges","Head and neck cancer patient-derived tumouroid cultures: opportunities and challenges","","Head and neck cancer (HNC) is an aggressive group of malignancies with high metastatic and recurrence rates, driven by multiple tumor sites and distinct risk factors such as smoking, betel nut chewing, alcohol use, high-risk HPV infection, and Epstein–Barr virus. Current management combines surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, but late diagnosis and limited resources create major clinical and financial burdens. The review evaluates patient-derived tumouroid cultures as a translational platform, highlighting both their potential and practical limitations for biomarker development and treatment selection.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/head-and-neck-cancer-patient-derived-tumouroid-cultures-opportunities-and-challenges/378824/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/head-and-neck-cancer-patient-derived-tumouroid-cultures-opportunities-and-challenges/378824.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Liam","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What are the key risk factors discussed for head and neck cancer?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The text highlights smoking, betel nut chewing, chewing tobacco, and alcohol for oral cancer. It also notes high-risk HPV for oropharyngeal cancer and Epstein–Barr virus for nasopharyngeal cancers.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What does current treatment for head and neck cancer typically involve?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Treatment depends on tumor site and often combines surgery with radiation therapy and chemotherapy, along with targeted therapy and immunotherapy when appropriate.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Why are patient-derived tumouroid cultures considered relevant in managing head and neck cancer?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The review frames tumouroid cultures as part of a translational approach to improve treatment choice, supporting biomarker-driven selection of drugs likely to be effective in individual patients.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},378824,1790344025,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":125},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":113},8796095461564,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","British Journal of Cancer [www.nature.com/bjc](www.nature.com/bjc)  \nREVIEW ARTICLE OPEN   \nCellular and Molecular Biology  \nHead and neck cancer patient-derived tumouroid cultures: opportunities and challenges  \nB. W. M. Thilini J. Basnayake 1, Paul Leo2,3,4, Sudha Rao5, Sarju Vasani 1,6,7, Lizbeth Kenny7,8, Nikolas K. Haass 9 and Chamindie Punyadeera 1,10 ✉  \n© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2023  \nHEAD AND NECK CANCERS  \nHead and neck cancer (HNC) is an overarching term for a number of cancer types, categorised according to their anatomical sites, lip, oral cancer (OC), oropharynx cancer (OPC), larynx cancer, hypopharynx cancer, nasopharynx cancer, and thyroid cancer [1] . The most common malignancy of the upper aerodigestive tract is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), which represents more than 90% of HNC [2] . HNC originating from salivary glands, soft tissues or nerves in the head and neck area are less common than squamous cell carcinoma. In 2018, HNC was the 7th most common cancer worldwide [3] and is often aggressive with high metastatic and recurrence rates [4] . Globally, there were 1.1 million cases in 2016, with 512,770 deaths, comprising 5.7% of global cancer-related fatalities [5] . HNC statistics demonstrate a predominance of OC in low- and middle-income countries, in which 67% and 82% of HNC cases and deaths, are reported respectively [6] . In Australia, in 2020, 5168 new cases were diagnosed, accompanied by 1151 deaths due to the disease [7] . According to global statistics, HNC is predominantly seen in men, which is two to four folds more than in women, estimating new cases over 20 per 100,000 [8] . According to The Lancet data in 2021, the average age of  \ndiagnosis of OC is 60 years, however recent data indicate that the OPC rates are increasing in people under 45 years old [9] . In addition to morbidity and mortality, HNC has a heavy burden on patients and their families as well as on the healthcare system due to late diagnosis [6] .  \nMany risk factors contribute to the development of HNC. Smoking, betel nut chewing, chewing tobacco, and alcohol consumption are the primary risk factors for OC [10] . One of the major risk factors for OPC is infection by high-risk strains of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) [11–13] . HPV is primarily involved in cancers of the oropharynx, with the tonsils and the base of the tongue representing the most common subsites [14–17] . Expression of p16INK4A (p16 positive/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2 A, tumour suppressor protein) is highly correlated with HPV infection in HNC [18] . In addition, there are other risk factors associated with the development of HNC and these include poor nutrition, especially low vitamins A and B, poor oral hygiene, high consumption of salted food, high inhalation of hardwood dust (in sinus cancer), weakened immune system, and high radiation exposure [19] . Moreover, there are ethnic (e.g., Chinese) factors that promote the development of a subsite of HNC, nasopharyngeal cancers are primarily caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) [2, 7, 20, 21] .  \n1Saliva and Liquid Biopsy Translational Laboratory, The School of Environment and Science, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 2School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 3Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 4Australian Translational Genomics Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 5Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 6Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Brisbane Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 7The School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 8Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 9Frazer I","cbCailP3o5RfI0Qd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailP3o5RfI0Qd","pdf",1281709,12,"English","# Overview of head and neck cancer\n## Risk factors and epidemiology\n# Current treatment regimes\n## Treatment components and challenges\n# Biomarkers and translational approaches\n## Clinical evaluation and limitations","[{\"question\":\"What are the key risk factors discussed for head and neck cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The text highlights smoking, betel nut chewing, chewing tobacco, and alcohol for oral cancer. It also notes high-risk HPV for oropharyngeal cancer and Epstein–Barr virus for nasopharyngeal cancers.\"},{\"question\":\"What does current treatment for head and neck cancer typically involve?\",\"answer\":\"Treatment depends on tumor site and often combines surgery with radiation therapy and chemotherapy, along with targeted therapy and immunotherapy when appropriate.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are patient-derived tumouroid cultures considered relevant in managing head and neck cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The review frames tumouroid cultures as part of a translational approach to improve treatment choice, supporting biomarker-driven selection of drugs likely to be effective in individual patients.\"}]","Head and neck cancer patient-derived tumouroid cultures: opportunities and challenges | PDF",1790232574]