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The approach yields a fully explicit, gradient measure of metricality grounded in probability and integrates information across scansion. Using Shakespeare’s Sonnets and Milton’s Paradise Lost (books 8–9), the work evaluates constraint systems and applies statistical model comparison to detect vacuous constraints, including stress-maximum constraints reducible to simpler ones.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/hayes-wilson-shisko-maxent-grammars-for-the-metrics-of-shakespeare-and-milton/661643/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/hayes-wilson-shisko-maxent-grammars-for-the-metrics-of-shakespeare-and-milton/661643.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mabel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main idea of using maxent grammars for English metrics?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The method assigns each verse line a well-formedness value using weighted constraints, giving a gradient measure of metricality based on probabilistic foundations.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which poetry corpora are used to illustrate the approach?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The approach is illustrated with data from Shakespeare’s Sonnets and the eighth and ninth books of Milton’s Paradise Lost (PL).",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the study handle constraints that are considered vacuous?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Through statistical evaluation and model comparison, it tests whether a constraint provides independent explanatory value or whether its effects are already covered by simpler, independently needed constraints.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},661643,1793172947,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},7971474920318,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000ee537e6b0ca360?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1788430171632181674","MAXENT GRAMMARS FOR THE METRICS OF SHAKESPEARE AND MILTON  \nBRUCE HAYES COLIN WILSON ANNE SHISKO  \nUniversity of California, Johns Hopkins University University of California,  \nLos Angeles Los Angeles  \nWe propose a new approach to metrics based on maxent grammars, which employ weighted constraints and assign well-formedness values to verse lines. Our approach provides an account of metricality and complexity that has a principled mathematical basis and integrates information from all aspects of scansion. Our approach also makes it possible to detect vacuous constraints through statistical evaluation.  \nWe begin with a system built on earlier work that defines the set of possible constraints, following principles of stress matching, bracket matching, and contextual salience. The basic concepts of this system work well in describing our data corpora, taken from Shakespeare’s Sonnets and Milton’s Paradise Lost. However, one well-known type of constraint, based on the principle of the stress maximum (Halle & Keyser 1966 et seq.), emerges as vacuous; testing indicates that the work of such constraints is already done by simpler constraints independently needed in the grammar.*  \nKeywords: metrics, versification, maxent grammars, stress maximum constraint, Shakespeare, Milton  \n1. INTRODUCTION. We propose a new approach to analysis in metrics, illustrating our approach with grammars that describe two well-studied bodies of verse, Shakespeare’s Sonnets and the eighth and ninth books of Milton’s Paradise Lost (PL) . Our analysis builds on work in the research tradition of generative metrics (Halle & Keyser 1966, 1971, et seq.), as well as our earlier work (Hayes & Wilson 2008) in the use of maxent grammars for the analysis of phonotactics. We suggest that our approach offers the following advantages.  \nFirst, maxent grammars provide a fully explicit measure of metrical well-formedness. The measure is gradient, and thus meets a widely adopted requirement on adequate metrical grammars (Halle & Keyser 1971:142, Kiparsky 1975:580, Tarlinskaja 1989:122, 2006, Youmans 1989) . Unlike previous measures, our well-formedness metric rests on sound mathematical foundations, representing essentially the PROBABILITY of a verse line, and unifies information from all parts of the metrical grammar rather than representing just one particular area.  \nSecond, our approach permits controlled comparison of competing analyses of the data. We argue that, when scrutinized under maxent analysis, some of the constraints proposed in the research literature provide no insight because their effects can be reduced to simpler, independently necessary constraints.  \nAs the basis for such model comparison, we first offer a systematization of the constraint system that establishes a space of possible constraints and provides a way of diagnosing when a particular constraint is actually a tacit combination of two simpler constraints. Our system is based on one single principle (given in 4 below), amplified by various further hypotheses about the contexts in which stress matching is particu-  \n* For helpful advice we would like to thank Arto Anttila, Sandra Chung, Robert Daland, Nigel Fabb, Paul Kiparsky, Kristin Hanson, Mark Johnson, Stephanie Shih, Rachel Walker, Kristine Yu, Kie Zuraw, and talk audiences at UCLA, Stanford, Stony Brook University, and the annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America. We also thank three anonymous referees for Language and the associate editor. This research was supported by a grant from the Committee on Research of the UCLA Academic Senate. The article website, containing databases, grammars, tableaux, and our software, is at [http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people](http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people)[ ](http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people)/hayes/ShakespeareAndMilton/ .  \n692 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 88, NUMBER 4 (2012)  \nlarly salient. On this basis we address a number of claims that have been made about the metrics of iambic ","cbCaijMNimHlkX6O","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijMNimHlkX6O","pdf",196005,41,"English","# Introduction\n## Metrical well-formedness","[{\"question\":\"What is the main idea of using maxent grammars for English metrics?\",\"answer\":\"The method assigns each verse line a well-formedness value using weighted constraints, giving a gradient measure of metricality based on probabilistic foundations.\"},{\"question\":\"Which poetry corpora are used to illustrate the approach?\",\"answer\":\"The approach is illustrated with data from Shakespeare’s Sonnets and the eighth and ninth books of Milton’s Paradise Lost (PL).\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study handle constraints that are considered vacuous?\",\"answer\":\"Through statistical evaluation and model comparison, it tests whether a constraint provides independent explanatory value or whether its effects are already covered by simpler, independently needed constraints.\"}]","Hayes Wilson Shisko Maxent Grammars for the Metrics of Shakespeare and Milton | PDF",103]