[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-39988-en":3,"doc-seo-39988-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},39988,7971461740886,"Theodore","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2",8,"Research & Report","Hawking On The Big Bang And Black Holes","A scholarly collection by Stephen Hawking addressing key problems in general relativity and cosmology, framed as the outcomes of a long, curiosity-driven research path rather than a single planned program. The work traces the evolution of the field from pre-1960 emphasis on solving Einstein’s equations under heavy symmetry to a more geometric and observationally connected approach. It also surveys cornerstone topics such as black-hole event horizons, black-hole mechanics, particle creation, quantum gravity path integrals, and the cosmological arrow of time.","7  \nHAWKINGON  \nTHE BIG BANGAND BLACKHOLES  \nSTEPHEN HAWKINGAdvanced series inAstrophysics and Cossmology-Vol.8  \n# HAWKINGON\n\nTHE BIG BANGAND BLACKHOLES  \n# ADVANCED SERIES IN ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY\n\nVolume 1 Cosmology of the Early Universeeds.Fang Li Zhi and Remo Ruffini  \nVolume 2 Galaxies,Quasars and Cosmologyeds.Fang Li Zhi and Remo Ruffini  \nVolume 3 Quantum Cosmologyeds.Fang Li Zhi and Remo Ruffini  \nVolume 4 Gerard and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs:A Life for Astronomyeds.M.Capaccioli and H.G.Corwin,Jr.  \nVolume 5 Accretion:A Collection of Influential Paperseds.A.Treves,L.Maraschi and M.Abramowicz  \nVolume 6 Lectures on Non-Perturbative Canonical GravityAbhay Ashtekar  \nVolume 7 Relativistic Gravitational Experiments in Spaceeds.M.Demianski and C.W.F.Everitt  \nHAWKINGON  \n# THE BIG BANGAND BLACKHOLES\n\nSTEPHEN HAWKING  \nLucasian Professor of MathematicsDepartment of Applied Mathematics andTheoretical PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeEngland  \nPublished by  \nWorld Scientific Publishing Co.Pte.Ltd.POBox 128,Farrer Road,Singapore 9128  \nUSA office:Suite 1B,1060 Main Street,River Edge,NJ07661UK office:73 Lynton Mead,Totteridge,London N208DH  \nWe are grateful to the following publishers for their permission to reproduce the articles found inthis volume:  \nThe American Physical Society(Phys.Rev.Dand Phys.Rev.Lett.)Elsevier Science Publishers(Nucl.Phys.B and Phys.LettB)Springer-Verlag(Commun.Math.Phys.)Cambridge University PressGordon and BreachThe Royal Society of London  \n# HAWKING ON THE BIG BANG AND BLACK HOLES\n\nCopyright 1993 by World Scientific Publishing Co.Pte.Ltd.  \nAll rights reserved.This book,orpans thereof,may not be reproduced in anyform orby any means,electronic ormechanical,including photocopying,recording orany information storage and retrievalsystem now known or to be invented,without written permission from the Publisher.  \nCover picture from the Image Bank.  \nISBN 981-02-1078-7  \n981-02-1079-5(pbk)  \nCONTENTS  \n1  \nIntroduction  \n7  \n1.The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology(with R.Penrose)Proc.Roy.Soc.A314,529(1970)  \n277585  \n2.The Event Horizon  \nFrom Black Holes,eds.Dewitt and Dewitt(Gordon and Breach,1973)  \n3.The Four Laws of Black Hole Mechanics(with J.M.Bardeen and B.Carter)Commun.Math.Phys.31,161(1973)  \n4.Particle Creation by Black HolesCommun.Math.Phys.33,323(1973)  \n5.Action Integrals and Partition Functions in Quantum Gravity107(with G.Gibbons)Phys.Rev.D15,2725(1977)  \n6.Breakdown of Predictability in Gravitational Collapse112Phys.Rev.D14,2460(1976)  \n7.Evaporation of Two-Dimensional Black Holes  \n126  \nPhys.Rev.Lett.69,406-409(1992)  \n8.Cosmological Event Horizons,Thermodynamics,130and Particle Creation(with G.Gibbons)Phys.Rev.D15,2738(1977)  \n9.The Development of Irregularities in a Single Bubble144Inflationary UniversePhys.Lett.B115,295-297(1982)  \n10.Zeta Function Regularization of Path Integrals in Curved Spacetime147Commun.Math.Phys.56,133(1977)  \n11.The Path-Integral Approach to Quantum Gravity163From General Relativity:An Einstein Centenary Survey,ed.with W.Israel (Cambridge University Press,1979)  \n12.Wave Function of the Universe  \n(with J.B.Hartle)Phys.Rev.D28;2960-2975(1983)  \n13.Quantum Cosmology  \nFrom Relativity Groups and Topology,Les Houches Lectures,eds.B.Dewitt and R.Stora(North-Holland,1984)  \n14.Origin of Structure in the Universe  \n(with J.J.Halliwell)Phys.Rev.D31,8(1985)  \n259  \n15.Arrow of Time in CosmologyPhys.Rev.D32,2489(1985)  \n16.The No-Boundary Proposal and the Arrow of Time266From Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry,  \neds.J.J.Halliwell,J.Perez-Mercader and W.H.Zurek(Cambridge Univ.Press,1992)  \n17.The Cosmological Constant is Probably Zero276Phys.Lett.B134,403(1984)  \n278  \n18.Wormholes in SpacetimePhys.Rev.D37,904(1988)  \n285  \n19.Do Wormholes Fix the Constants of Nature?Nucl.Phys.B335,155-165(1990)  \n296  \n20.Selection Rules for Topology Change(with G.Gibbons)Commun.Math.Phys.148,345-352(1992)  \n21.Chronology Protection ConjecturePhys.Rev.D46,603-","cbCainQMkUuy751v","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainQMkUuy751v","pdf",19882803,2,1,319,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Publication and bibliographic information\n## Table of contents overview","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of this collected volume?\",\"answer\":\"The volume gathers papers reflecting major problems Hawking worked on over many years, focusing on the origin and evolution of the universe and related theoretical developments.\"},{\"question\":\"How does Hawking describe his research approach?\",\"answer\":\"He emphasizes that he did not follow a master plan; instead, he pursued what seemed interesting and feasible at the time.\"},{\"question\":\"What change in general relativity and cosmology does Hawking highlight?\",\"answer\":\"He notes a major shift over the last thirty years: broader observational capabilities and significant theoretical progress transformed the field’s status.\"}]",1783088836,804,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"hawking-on-the-big-bang-and-black-holes","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/hawking-on-the-big-bang-and-black-holes/39988/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-12","2026-07-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What is the purpose of this collected volume?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The volume gathers papers reflecting major problems Hawking worked on over many years, focusing on the origin and evolution of the universe and related theoretical developments.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does Hawking describe his research approach?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"He emphasizes that he did not follow a master plan; 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