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This paper examines how reports of hate-crime incidents relate to Black student enrollment, using institutional enrollment data, hate-crime reports, and state racial demographics from 1999–2017 with methods including institution fixed effects, finding a 20% increase in Black first-time enrollment at HBCUs.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/hate-crimes-and-black-college-student-enrollment-cepa-working-paper-no-21-1-january-2021/586624/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/hate-crimes-and-black-college-student-enrollment-cepa-working-paper-no-21-1-january-2021/586624.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Angel","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-24","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":30},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What is the main research question of the paper?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"How reports of hate crimes at the state and institutional levels relate to Black students’ college enrollment, with particular attention to enrollment at HBCUs.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"What data and time period does the study use?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"The study uses institutional enrollment and characteristics, reported hate crimes, and Census data on state racial demographics covering 1999 to 2017, applying techniques including institution fixed effects.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What key finding does the paper report?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"A one-standard-deviation increase in state-level hate-crime reports predicts a 20% increase in Black first-time student enrollment at HBCUs.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},586624,1792210278,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":30,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":93,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},687207412472,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","CEPA Working Paper No. 21-01  \nHate Crimes and Black College Student Enrollment  \nAUTHORS  \nDominique J. Baker  \nSouthern Methodist University  \nTolani Britton  \nUniversity of California, Berkeley  \nABSTRACT  \nReported hate crimes have increased rapidly in recent years, including on college campuses. Concurrently, general racial animus has increased in the United States. Scholars have shown that the larger sociopolitical environment can directly impact the campus climate and experiences of all students, particularly students of color. However, little is known about how reports of hate crimes incidents relate to the college enrollment of students of color. This lack of evidence is especially troubling for Black persons, the most frequent targets of reported hate crimes both on and off campus. This paper helps to fill in that gap by exploring the association between Black students’college enrollment and the number of reports of hate crimes at two levels: the state and the institution. We examine a comprehensive dataset of institutional enrollment and characteristics, reported hate crimes, and Census data on state racial demographics from 1999 to 2017 using several techniques including institution fixed effects. We find that a standard deviation increase in reports of state-level hate crimes predicts a 20% increase in Black first-time student enrollment at HBCUs. As the number of reported hate crimes is almost assuredly an undercount of the actual number of incidents, we explore the implications of this work while keeping that limitation in mind.  \nVERSION  \nJanuary 2021  \nSuggested citation: Baker, D.J. , & Britton, T. (2021) . Hate Crimes and Black College Student Enrollment.(CEPA Working Paper No.21-01) . Retrieved from Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis: [http://cepa.stanford.edu/wp21-01](http://cepa.stanford.edu/wp21-01)  \nHate Crimes and Black College Student Enrollment  \nDominique Baker, Southern Methodist University ab  \nTolani Britton, University of California, Berkeley  \na The authors contributed equally to this study and names are listed in alphabetical order. b Corresponding Author. All inquiries should be addressed to Dominique Baker, Southern Methodist University, Education Policy and Leadership, PO Box 750114, Dallas, TX 7525-0114. [Email:](Email: djbaker@smu.edu. Phone:)[ ](Email: djbaker@smu.edu. Phone:)[djbaker@smu.edu](Email: djbaker@smu.edu. Phone:)[. Phone:](Email: djbaker@smu.edu. Phone:) 214-768-1012.  \nAcknowledgements:  \nThe authors would like to thank Benjamin Skinner, Denisa Gándara, and Sondra Barringer for their helpful comments. The authors would also like to thank the seminar participants at New York University for their constructive feedback and suggestions. The authors bear sole responsibility for the content of this article.  \nAbstract:  \nReported hate crimes have increased rapidly in recent years, including on college campuses. Concurrently, general racial animus has increased in the United States. Scholars have shown that the larger sociopolitical environment can directly impact the campus climate and experiences of all students, particularly students of color. However, little is known about how reports of hate crimes incidents relate to the college enrollment of students of color. This lack of evidence is especially troubling for Black persons, the most frequent targets of reported hate crimes both on and off campus. This paper helps to fill in that gap by exploring the association between Black students’ college enrollment and the number of reports of hate crimes at two levels: the state and the institution. We examine a comprehensive dataset of institutional enrollment and characteristics, reported hate crimes, and Census data on state racial demographics from 1999 to 2017 using several techniques including institution fixed effects. We find that a standard deviation increase in reports of state-level hate crimes predicts a 20% increase in Black first-time student enrollment at HBCUs. A","cbCaiaUwYI5ZcOEB","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaUwYI5ZcOEB","pdf",1013354,"English","# Abstract\n# Suggested Citation and Version\n# Acknowledgements\n# Context: Elections and Hate Crime Reporting\n# Theoretical Background: Racial Animus and College Climate","[{\"question\":\"What is the main research question of the paper?\",\"answer\":\"How reports of hate crimes at the state and institutional levels relate to Black students’ college enrollment, with particular attention to enrollment at HBCUs.\"},{\"question\":\"What data and time period does the study use?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses institutional enrollment and characteristics, reported hate crimes, and Census data on state racial demographics covering 1999 to 2017, applying techniques including institution fixed effects.\"},{\"question\":\"What key finding does the paper report?\",\"answer\":\"A one-standard-deviation increase in state-level hate-crime reports predicts a 20% increase in Black first-time student enrollment at HBCUs.\"}]","Hate Crimes and Black College Student Enrollment - CEPA Working Paper No. 21-1 - January 2021 | PDF",1792058628,176]