[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-352087-105":59,"doc-detail-352087-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","harnessing-the-microbiome-a-new-frontier-in-lung-cancer-immunotherapy","Harnessing the microbiome: a new frontier in lung cancer immunotherapy","","Lung cancer remains the most common fatal malignancy worldwide, and immune checkpoint inhibitors still yield limited benefit for many patients. Reliable predictive biomarkers are therefore essential for precision immunotherapy. This review systematically examines how the microbiome influences lung cancer immunotherapy, focusing on distinctive microbial profiles in patients and their relationships with treatment effectiveness. It discusses microbial metabolites, microbiome-targeted intervention strategies, methodological limitations, and future research directions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/harnessing-the-microbiome-a-new-frontier-in-lung-cancer-immunotherapy/352087/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/harnessing-the-microbiome-a-new-frontier-in-lung-cancer-immunotherapy/352087.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"OmBimo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-23","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are predictive biomarkers important in lung cancer immunotherapy?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Many patients do not benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors, and commonly used predictors like PD-L1 show limited accuracy. Predictive biomarkers are needed to improve patient selection and therapeutic precision.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What advantages make the microbiome a promising immunotherapy biomarker?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The microbiome can be assessed through non-invasive samples, shows greater stability than some conventional biomarkers, enables dynamic longitudinal monitoring, and may offer interventional targets for combined strategies.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the microbiome relate to treatment outcomes in lung cancer immunotherapy?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Microbiome composition and diversity are associated with immunotherapy responses, and specific microbial species and metabolite-related mechanisms can correlate with effectiveness. The review also highlights strategies for microbiome-targeted interventions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},352087,1790165330,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":41,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090893581,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Cancer Biol Med 2026. doi: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2025.0177  \nREVIEW  \nHarnessing the microbiome: a new frontier in lung cancer immunotherapy  \nKexin Feng 1,2,3*, Jun Wang 1,2,3*, Shuai Wang 1,2,3*, Zewen Sun 1,2,3, Mantang Qiu 1,2,3, Zuli Zhou 1,2,3, Yun Li 1,2,3, Kezhong Chen 1,2,3  \n1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; 2Thoracic Oncology Institute, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; 3 Research Unit of Intelligence Diagnosis and Treatment in Early Non-small Cell Lung Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China  \n\n| ABSTRACT | Lung cancer is a fatal and the most common malignancy globally. Despite the significant therapeutic benefits of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), 60%–80% of patients respond poorly to immunotherapy. The identification of reliable predictive biomarkers is essential for implementing precision medicine strategies. In recent years the microbiome has emerged as a promising predictor of immunotherapy outcomes. The influence of the microbiome on lung cancer immunotherapy was systematically and comprehensively reviewed. Moreover, the distinctive microbiome profiles among patients with lung cancer and the correlation with treatment effectiveness are discussed. We investigated the core mechanisms of the interactions between the microbiome and the |\n| --- | --- |\n| KEYWORDS | tumor microenvironment, assessed the usefulness of microbial metabolites as predictive biomarkers, and discussed strategies for microbiome-targeted interventions. Furthermore, we evaluated the current limitations in research methodology and highlighted future research directions, offering novel insights, including multi-site integrated biomarker approaches, site-specific intervention strategies, metabolite-based functional biomarkers, and lung cancer-specific microbiome considerations for developing personalized immunotherapy.\u003Cbr>Lung cancer; immunotherapy; microbiome; biomarkers; gut-lung axis; microbial metabolites |\n\nIntroduction  \nCurrent status and challenges in lung cancer immunotherapy  \nLung cancer ranks as the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide with approximately 2.4 million new diagnosesand 1.8 million deaths projected to occur in 20241. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment paradigms, only 20%–40% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receive clinical benefits from immunotherapy with 60%–80% exhibiting suboptimal  \n*These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence to: Kezhong Chen  \n[E-mail: mdkzchen@163.com](E-mail: mdkzchen@163.com)  \nORCID ID: [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9723-6153](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9723-6153)  \nReceived April 9, 2025; accepted February 9, 2026;  \npublished online July 20, 2026. Available [at www.cancerbiomed.org](at www.cancerbiomed.org)  \n©2026 The Authors. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4 .0)  \nresponses2,3. This limited efficacy highlights the need for accurate predictive biomarkers.  \nProgrammed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is the most frequently used predictor of immunotherapy efficacy, despite limited predictive capability4. Even among individuals exhibiting high PD-L1 expression, approximately 40%–50% do not respond favorably to ICI monotherapy5-8. Other promising biomarkers, such as tumor mutational burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability, have demonstrated predictive potential but face significant challenges in lung cancer applications9. The heterogeneity of lung cancer with diverse histologic subtypes and molecular alterations further complicates biomarker development. Therefore, the discovery of novel, reliable biomarkers to enhance patient selection and improve therapeutic precision has become a pressing priority.  \nMicrobiome as an emerging biomarker for immunotherapy  \nThe microbiome encompasses th","cbCairiwkGXxQd14","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairiwkGXxQd14","pdf",1441818,"English","# Introduction\n## Current status and challenges in lung cancer immunotherapy\n## Microbiome as an emerging biomarker for immunotherapy\n# Harnessing the microbiome and future directions","[{\"question\":\"Why are predictive biomarkers important in lung cancer immunotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"Many patients do not benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors, and commonly used predictors like PD-L1 show limited accuracy. Predictive biomarkers are needed to improve patient selection and therapeutic precision.\"},{\"question\":\"What advantages make the microbiome a promising immunotherapy biomarker?\",\"answer\":\"The microbiome can be assessed through non-invasive samples, shows greater stability than some conventional biomarkers, enables dynamic longitudinal monitoring, and may offer interventional targets for combined strategies.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the microbiome relate to treatment outcomes in lung cancer immunotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"Microbiome composition and diversity are associated with immunotherapy responses, and specific microbial species and metabolite-related mechanisms can correlate with effectiveness. The review also highlights strategies for microbiome-targeted interventions.\"}]","Harnessing the microbiome: a new frontier in lung cancer immunotherapy | PDF",1790097628,76]