[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-411141-en":3,"doc-seo-411141-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":98},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":20,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29,"preview_page_count":4},411141,2336475401981,"Chumphorn","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c94efd8d5204d?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786935347598174694",7,"Healthcare","Harnessing natural terpenes via PEGylated mucoadhesive vesicles for improved urinary bladder delivery - from in vitro evaluation to in vivo assessment","Fenticonazole nitrate (FTN)-loaded chitosan-coated PEGylated terpesomes were developed as a mucoadhesive platform to enhance urinary bladder drug delivery. Formulations were designed using a 31.21 factorial design and evaluated by entrapment efficiency, particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. Optimized chitosan-coated PEGylated terpesomes showed improved entrapment and zeta potential, stable behavior up to 90 days, strong mucoadhesion, and confirmed bladder-wall penetration by confocal microscopy. In vivo rat studies demonstrated a significantly greater antifungal effect than FTN suspension, supported by histopathology safety findings.","TYPE Original Research PUBLISHED 18 December 2025 DOI 10.3389/fphar.2025.1685423  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nFawzi Mohamad Mahomoodally, University of Mauritius, Mauritius  \nREVIEWED BY  \nIan Jhemes Oliveira Sousa,  \nNortheast Biotechnology Network-Federal University of Piauí, Brazil  \nAlaliaa Sallam,  \nAin Shams University, Egypt  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nRofida Albash,  \n Rofi[da.albash@must.edu.eg](da.albash@must.edu.eg)  \nRECEIVED 15 August 2025  \nREVISED 10 November 2025  \nACCEPTED 18 November 2025  \nPUBLISHED 18 December 2025  \nCITATION  \nHammoodi HA, Albash R, Hamed MIA, Darwish KM, Kassem AB, Saleh A, Alamoudi JA and Badawi NM (2025) Harnessing natural terpenes via PEGylated mucoadhesive vesicles for improved urinary bladder delivery: from in vitro evaluation to in vivo assessment.  \nFront. Pharmacol. 16:1685423 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1685423  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Hammoodi, Albash, Hamed, Darwish, Kassem, Saleh, Alamoudi and Badawi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nHarnessing natural terpenes via PEGylated mucoadhesive vesicles for improved urinary bladder delivery: from in vitro evaluation to in vivo assessment  \nHayder A. Hammoodi 1, Rofida Albash2*,  \nMohammed I. A. Hamed 3, Khaled M. Darwish 4,5,  \nAmira B. Kassem 6, Asmaa Saleh 7, Jawaher Abdullah Alamoudi 􀀁 7 and Noha M. Badawi 8  \n1Department of Pharmacy, Mazaya University College, Thi-Qar, Iraq, 2Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt, 3Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt, 4 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala, Egypt, 5Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt, 6Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Damnhour University, Damnhour, Egypt, 7 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 8Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt  \nBackground: Fenticonazole nitrate (FTN)-loaded chitosan-coated PEGylated terpesomes (TPs) were investigated as a mucoadhesive formulation to enhance drug delivery to the urinary bladder.  \nMethods: The design of fenticonazole nitrate-loaded terpesome (FTN-TP) formulations was carried out using a 31.21 factorial design. The vesicles were evaluated for entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP) . The selected FTN-TPs were further mixed with Gelucire® 44/14 as a PEG source and coated with chitosan to obtain the optimized chitosan-coated PEGylated terpesomes (CCPTs), which were then subjected to additional characterization.  \nResults: The optimized CCPTs exhibited increased entrapment efficiency and zeta potential values without a significant increase in particle size or polydispersity index. They also demonstrated good mucoadhesive properties and remained stable for up to 90 days. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the penetration of the fluorescently optimized CCPTs through the urinary bladder wall. In silico studies indicated good stability of FTN when combined with other components in the optimized CCPTs. Moreover, in vivo evaluation revealed a significantly greater antifungal effect in rats treated with the optimized CCPTs compared to those receiving the FTN suspension. Histopathological examination further confirmed the saf","cbCailrZ9Ei0Loq0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailrZ9Ei0Loq0","pdf",3571135,15,1,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Intravesical drug delivery and limitations\n## Mucoadhesive formulations to improve residence and permeability","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study aim to solve in urinary bladder drug delivery?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses poor urothelial permeability and rapid dilution/washout in intravesical delivery, which limit drug contact time and bioavailability.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the optimized mucoadhesive vesicles formulated?\",\"answer\":\"Fenticonazole-loaded terpesome formulations were designed using a 31.21 factorial design, then combined with Gelucire® 44/14 as a PEG source and coated with chitosan to obtain the optimized chitosan-coated PEGylated terpesomes.\"},{\"question\":\"What evidence supports the vesicles’ performance in vivo?\",\"answer\":\"Rats treated with the optimized formulation showed a significantly greater antifungal effect than those receiving FTN suspension, and histopathological examination confirmed formulation safety for urinary bladder administration.\"}]","Harnessing natural terpenes via PEGylated mucoadhesive vesicles for improved urinary bladder delivery - 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