[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-84879-en":3,"doc-seo-84879-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},84879,8796095461610,"Oliver","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","HAPS as a Hypercell Enabling Coverage and Capacity Carrier Shutdown in Cellular Networks","Energy consumption remains a dominant operational challenge for current and future cellular systems, especially in dense urban deployments. The work introduces the HAPS-Hypercell: a wide-area non-terrestrial layer that can take over the coverage function of multiple terrestrial macro-cells. This first enables coordinated shutdown of both capacity and coverage macro-cells while maintaining service availability. A 3GPP-compliant system model and two pairing architectures are developed, accounting for multi-layer interaction, realistic channels, and distributed carrier shutdown decision-making.","HAPS as a Hypercell: Enabling Coverage and Capacity Carrier Shutdown in Cellular Networks  \nMatteo Bernab∗ , David Lpez-Prez∗† and Nicola Piovesan ‡  \n∗ Universitat Polite`cnica de Vale`ncia (UPV), Spain † Beihang Valencia Polytechnic Institute (BVPI), China  \n‡Huawei Technologies, France  \narXiv :2607 .06072v 1 [ cs .IT] 7 Jul 2026  \nAbstract—Energy consumption remains a dominant operational challenge for current and future cellular systems, especially in dense urban deployments. This paper investigates a novel role for non terrestrial network (NTN) high-altitude platform station (HAPS) as an enabler of energy-efficient operation rather than only coverage extension. We define the HAPS-Hypercell as a wide-area non-terrestrial layer that can assume the coverage role of multiple terrestrial macro-cells, enabling, for the first time, the shutdown of both capacity and coverage macro-cells. We develop a comprehensive third generation partnership project (3GPP) -compliant system model, along with two HAPS-Hypercell pairing architectures that capture the interplay among multiple layers, realistic channel conditions, and distributed carrier shutdown (CS) mechanisms. Our results show that the HAPS-Hypercell can effectively reduce overall network power consumption. We then identify key limitations of a straightforward HAPS integration, laying the groundwork for future optimization and providing key insights for next-generation CS operations.  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nThe transition toward 5G-Advanced and emerging 6G systems is intensifying the energy challenge for mobile networks. Driven by traffic growth, dense deployments, massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) and advanced radio technologies, radio access network (RAN) energy consumption has become a major concern for operators and regulators. Mobile networks consume 300–320 TWh of electricity annually, representing 1–1.3% of global consumption, while energy costs account for 20–40% of operator operational expenditure [1], [2] . The environmental impact of the broader information and communication technology (ICT) sector is also increasing, with studies warning of a significant rise in greenhouse gas emissions if left unaddressed [3] . Improving network energy efficiency is therefore essential for the sustainable evolution of future wireless systems.  \nA key source of inefficiency lies in network design and operation. Operators distinguish between coverage cells, typically high-power macro-cell that remain continuously active to ensure ubiquitous service, and capacity cells, which are dynamically activated to accommodate traffic variations and can leverage energy-saving mechanisms such as carrier shutdown (CS) during low-load conditions [4] . However, this separation limits energy savings. Coverage cells must remain active even  \nThis research is supported by the Generalitat Valenciana, Spain, through the CIDEGENT PlaGenT, Grant CIDEXG/2022/17, Project iTENTE, and the action CNS2023-144333, financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union “NextGenerationEU”/PRTR.  \nat low traffic, and their static power consumption could be high regardless of load. As a result, energy optimization is largely restricted to the capacity layer, leading to inefficient operation during off-peak periods.  \nIn parallel, 5G and beyond architectures increasingly incorporate non terrestrial networks (NTNs), including satellitesand high-altitude platform stations (HAPSs), to extend network capabilities beyond terrestrial deployments [5] . Current efforts mainly focus on coverage enhancement, targeting rural connectivity and service continuity. However, this perspective underutilizes the potential of NTN for network optimization.  \nIn this paper, we position HAPS as an enabler of energyefficient network operation. Building on prior work on NTN Hypercells [6], we define an HAPS-Hypercell as a widearea layer capable of assuming the coverage role of multiple terrestrial macro-cells. This enables ","cbCaiihzkmLE41Fd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiihzkmLE41Fd","pdf",1675022,2,1,6,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Hypercell Concept and Architecture","[{\"question\":\"What is the HAPS-Hypercell and what role does it play in cellular networks?\",\"answer\":\"The HAPS-Hypercell is a wide-area non-terrestrial layer that assumes the coverage role of multiple terrestrial macro-cells, enabling energy-efficient network operation beyond coverage extension.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed approach improve energy efficiency?\",\"answer\":\"It enables coordinated shutdown of both capacity and coverage macro-cells, reducing overall network power consumption while keeping service availability.\"},{\"question\":\"What modeling and evaluation framework is used in the paper?\",\"answer\":\"The paper develops a comprehensive 3GPP-compliant system model and two HAPS-Hypercell pairing architectures, followed by system-level simulations to quantify energy savings and 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