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The method enables fast generation of transgenic roots for biochemical and molecular analysis, supporting classroom use. In a biotechnology lab, students transformed soybean cotyledons with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain K599 and introduced GFP, then monitored hairy root regeneration. After two weeks, 45% of cotyledons developed roots and 55% of those expressed GFP.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/hairy-root-as-a-model-system-for-undergraduate-laboratory-curriculum-and-research/595415/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/hairy-root-as-a-model-system-for-undergraduate-laboratory-curriculum-and-research/595415.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Blitz","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is hairy root transformation useful for undergraduate laboratories?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It is easy, efficient, and fast, producing transgenic roots quickly enough to fit shorter academic terms than traditional transformation approaches.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What causes hairy root disease in plants?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Hairy roots originate from a plant disease driven by Agrobacterium rhizogenes, characterized by proliferation of adventitious roots at the infection site.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do students detect successful transformation in the soybean experiment?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"They introduced the GFP gene and observed hairy root regeneration; 55% of the roots that appeared expressed GFP after transformation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},595415,1792231180,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},24464137899374,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Hairy Root as a Model System for Undergraduate Laboratory  \nCurriculum and Research  \nCarol A. Keyes1*, Senthil Subramanian2, Oliver Yu2  \n1Department of Biology, 650 Maryville University Dr., Maryville University, St. Louis, MO 63141, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Rd., St. Louis, MO 63132  \nEmail: [ckeyes@maryville.edu](ckeyes@maryville.edu)  \n*corresponding author  \nAbstract: Hairy root transformation has been widely adapted in plant laboratories to rapidly generate transgenic roots for biochemical and molecular analysis. We present hairy root transformations as a versatile and adaptable model system for a wide variety of undergraduate laboratory courses and research. This technique is easy, efficient, and fast making it an ideal tool for undergraduate teaching. Students in a biotechnology course successfully transformed soybean cotyledons with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain K599 during laboratory sessions. The students introduced the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene into soybean and observed hairy roots regeneration. After two weeks, 45% of the cotyledons developed roots. Of the roots that appeared after transformation, 55% expressed the GFP protein.  \nKeywords: hairy root, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, transformation, cotyledons  \nIntroduction  \nCurrently in undergraduate teaching laboratories, plant transformation experiments are demonstrated mostly with Arabidopsis, using the floral dip method (Clough and Bent, 1998), or tobacco leaf disc transformation (Fraley et. al., 1983) . However, both transformations suffer one major limitation. These techniques are time consuming. Both experiments take at least 6 weeks to prepare, which is needed to bring the plants to maturity. After the transformation, both experiments take another 5 or 6 weeks to harvest the transgenic material. The considerable waiting time reduces student interest in the subject significantly. For trimester universities, the entire term is only 10 weeks long, making Arabidopsis and tobacco transformation experiments difficult to set up. In this article, we present the classroom use of a unique, rapid, and reliable method to genetically modify the roots ofa wide variety of plant species. This study relies on the hairy root plant transformation system.  \nHairy roots originate from a plant disease caused by the Gram-negative soil bacterium Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Hairy root tumors are characterized by a proliferation of adventitious roots at the bacterial infection site. The genetic determinant of hairy root disease is a large plasmid called the root-inducing (Ri)-plasmid which is carried by virulent strains ofA. rhizogenes ([Chilton et. al](Chilton et. al).,  \n1982). The Ri plasmid is similar to the tumorinducing (Ti) plasmid found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which is the causative agent of Crown Gall tumors in many dicotyledonous plants. Both the Ri and Ti plasmids transfer a segment of the plasmid called transfer DNA or T-DNA to the plant genome during infection. Transfer ofthe T-DNA to the plant genome is directed by a different region of the plasmid called the virulence (vir) region. The TDNA contains genes that encode enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of plant hormones, such as auxin and cytokinin. Upon transformation, these genes are expressed resulting in tumor-like growth. In addition, the T-DNA has genes controlling the production of various opines which serve as carbon, nitrogen, and energy sources for the infecting bacterium.  \nThe Ti and Ri plasmids can be engineered to insert novel genes into the T-DNA for the introduction of genes-of-interest in various plant species. A more common approach is the use of a binary vector system where the vir genes reside in one plasmid (i.e. Ti or Ri plasmid) and the T-DNA ina second plasmid. The use of disarmed strains ofA. tumefaciens, where the tumor causing genes have been removed from the Ti plasmid, results in nontumorous transgenic tissue. These strains are commonly used fo","cbCaicDZeEjARDpO","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicDZeEjARDpO","pdf",351247,"English","# Introduction\n## Time limits of traditional plant transformation methods\n## Hairy roots, Ri plasmid, and T-DNA mechanism\n## Reporter genes and transformation detection","[{\"question\":\"Why is hairy root transformation useful for undergraduate laboratories?\",\"answer\":\"It is easy, efficient, and fast, producing transgenic roots quickly enough to fit shorter academic terms than traditional transformation approaches.\"},{\"question\":\"What causes hairy root disease in plants?\",\"answer\":\"Hairy roots originate from a plant disease driven by Agrobacterium rhizogenes, characterized by proliferation of adventitious roots at the infection site.\"},{\"question\":\"How do students detect successful transformation in the soybean experiment?\",\"answer\":\"They introduced the GFP gene and observed hairy root regeneration; 55% of the roots that appeared expressed GFP after transformation.\"}]","Hairy Root as a Model System for Undergraduate Laboratory - Curriculum and Research | PDF",1792081096,18]