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Recent findings emphasize the roles of short-chain fatty acids, indoles, and bile acids in immune modulation, epigenetic mechanisms, and disease processes. In gastrointestinal cancers, microbial metabolites can promote tumorigenesis through inflammation, DNA damage, and immune evasion, while also offering therapeutic potential by supporting chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and direct tumor suppression. These metabolites also shape infectious disease susceptibility and pathogen resistance, highlighting microbiome-derived targets as an avenue for future interventions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/gut-microbiota-secondary-metabolites-key-roles-in-gi-tract-cancers-and-infectious-diseases-review/372098/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/gut-microbiota-secondary-metabolites-key-roles-in-gi-tract-cancers-and-infectious-diseases-review/372098.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Olivia Brown","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Which gut-derived secondary metabolites are highlighted as major regulators?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The review highlights short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), indoles, polyamines, and secondary bile acids as key metabolite classes influencing disease outcomes.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How can microbial metabolites contribute to gastrointestinal cancer?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Microbial metabolites can promote tumorigenesis by driving inflammation, causing DNA damage, and enabling immune evasion in gastrointestinal cancers.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What therapeutic potential do these metabolites offer beyond disease promotion?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The same metabolites may improve chemotherapy and immunotherapy responses and can directly suppress tumor growth, while also influencing infectious disease susceptibility and resilience.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},372098,1790259714,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},16904993612988,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Review  \nGut Microbiota Secondary Metabolites: Key Roles in GI Tract Cancers and Infectious Diseases  \nEman K. E. Anwer 1,2, Muhammad Ajagbe 1, Moustafa Sherif 1, Abobaker S. Musaibah 3, Shuaib Mahmoud 3, Ali ElBanbi 4 and Anwar Abdelnaser 3, *  \nAcademic Editor: Jinghua Wang  \nReceived: 4 December 2024  \nRevised: 23 December 2024  \nAccepted: 27 December 2024  \nPublished: 3 January 2025  \nCitation: Anwer, E.K.E.; Ajagbe, M.; Sherif, M.; Musaibah, A.S.; Mahmoud, S.; ElBanbi, A.; Abdelnaser, A. Gut Microbiota Secondary Metabolites:  \nKey RolesinGI Tract Cancers and Infectious Diseases. Biomedicines 2025, 13, 100. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)biomedicines13010100  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \n1 Biotechnology Graduate Program, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt; [emananwer@aucegypt.edu](emananwer@aucegypt.edu) (E.K.E.A.); [d1stadeyemi@aucegypt.edu](d1stadeyemi@aucegypt.edu) (M.A.); [moustafa.sherif@aucegypt.edu](moustafa.sherif@aucegypt.edu) (M.S.)  \n2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo 4411601, Egypt  \n3 Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt; [abobaker@aucegypt.edu](abobaker@aucegypt.edu) (A.S.M.); [mahmoudshuaib@aucegypt.edu](mahmoudshuaib@aucegypt.edu) (S.M.)  \n4 Biology Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt; [alielbanbi@aucegypt.edu](alielbanbi@aucegypt.edu)  \n* Correspondence: [anwar.abdelnaser@aucegypt.edu](anwar.abdelnaser@aucegypt.edu)  \nAbstract: The gut microbiota, a dynamic ecosystem of trillions of microorganisms, produces secondary metabolites that profoundly influence host health. Recent research has highlighted the significant role of these metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids, indoles, and bile acids, in modulating immune responses, impacting epigenetic mechanisms, and contributing to disease processes. In gastrointestinal (GI) cancers such as colorectal, liver, and gastric cancer, microbial metabolites can drive tumorigenesis by promoting inflammation, DNA damage, and immune evasion. Conversely, these same metabolites hold therapeutic promise, potentially enhancing responses to chemotherapy and immunotherapy and even directly suppressing tumor growth. In addition, gut microbial metabolites play crucial roles in infectious disease susceptibility and resilience, mediating immune pathways that impact pathogen resistance. By consolidating recent insights into the gut microbiota’s role in shaping disease and health, this review underscores the therapeutic potential of targeting microbiome-derived metabolites for treating GI cancers and infectious diseases and calls for further research into microbiome-based interventions.  \nKeywords: gut microbiome; secondary metabolites; cancer; infectious disease; gastrointestinal tract; tumorigenesis; epigenetic regulation  \n1. Introduction  \nIn recent years, the human gut microbiome has emerged as a central regulator of human health and disease, influencing processes from immune modulation [1–3] to epigenetic regulation [4–6] . Comprising an estimated 100 trillion microorganisms [7,8], the gut microbiome produces a wide array of secondary metabolites that extend beyond local gut health, influencing systemic immune responses, inflammatory pathways, and even the progression of complex diseases such as cancer [9,10] .  \nThe gut microbiota represents a highly dynamic and diverse microbial ecosystem, encompassing","cbCaisxPEg9QMHzj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisxPEg9QMHzj","pdf",1375933,35,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Gut microbiome as a health and disease regulator\n## Dynamics and dysbiosis\n## Microbial metabolites beyond the gut\n## Key metabolite classes and mechanisms","[{\"question\":\"Which gut-derived secondary metabolites are highlighted as major regulators?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), indoles, polyamines, and secondary bile acids as key metabolite classes influencing disease outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"How can microbial metabolites contribute to gastrointestinal cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Microbial metabolites can promote tumorigenesis by driving inflammation, causing DNA damage, and enabling immune evasion in gastrointestinal cancers.\"},{\"question\":\"What therapeutic potential do these metabolites offer beyond disease promotion?\",\"answer\":\"The same metabolites may improve chemotherapy and immunotherapy responses and can directly suppress tumor growth, while also influencing infectious disease susceptibility and resilience.\"}]","Gut Microbiota Secondary Metabolites - Key Roles in GI Tract Cancers and Infectious Diseases - Review | PDF",1790193697,88]