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Immune cells within the TME modulate tumor growth and immunity, and their interactions with cancer cells strongly affect dissemination, immunoediting, and the effectiveness of therapies. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are key immune components. 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It highlights their roles as prominent immune populations within breast cancer TMEs.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the tumor microenvironment influence breast cancer outcomes?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The tumor microenvironment contains immune cells that influence the immune context of cancer tissues. The review explains that immune cell cross talk with cancer cells affects dissemination, immunoediting, and the outcomes of cancer therapies.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which breast cancer subtypes are discussed in the introduction?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The introduction describes three major immune-histochemical types: estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) positive, HER-2 positive, and triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). 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Guardians and Mediators of Metastasis: Exploring T Lymphocytes, Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells, and Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the Breast Cancer Microenvironment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 6224. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms25116224](10.3390/ijms25116224)  \nAcademic Editor: Wolfgang Würfel  \nReceived: 20 February 2024  \nRevised: 30 May 2024  \nAccepted: 1 June 2024  \nPublished: 5 June 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II,  \n80131 Naples, Italy; [mariarosaria.ruocco2@unina.it](mariarosaria.ruocco2@unina.it) (M.R.R.); [armando.gisonna@unina.it](armando.gisonna@unina.it) (A.G.)  \n2 Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;  \nvittoria.acampora@unina.it (V.A.); [alessandro.venuta@unina.it](alessandro.venuta@unina.it) (A.V.); [angelica.avagliano@gmail.com](angelica.avagliano@gmail.com) (A.A.)  \n3 IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; [anna.dagostino@synlab.it](anna.dagostino@synlab.it) (A.D.); [barbara.carrese@synlab.it](barbara.carrese@synlab.it) (B.C.); [jessie.santoro@synlab.it](jessie.santoro@synlab.it) (J.S.)  \n4 Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy; [rosaritanasso@gmail.com](rosaritanasso@gmail.com)  \n5 Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; [nicola.rocco@unina.it](nicola.rocco@unina.it) (N.R.); [daniela.russo@unina.it](daniela.russo@unina.it) (D.R.); [giovannagiuseppina.altobelli@unina.it](giovannagiuseppina.altobelli@unina.it) (G.G.A.)  \n6 Plastic Surgery Unit, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; annachiaracavaliere@yahoo.it  \n7 Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; [stefania.masone@unina.it](stefania.masone@unina.it)  \n8 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”,  \n88100 Catanzaro, Italy; [fiume@unicz.it](fiume@unicz.it)  \n* Correspondence: [alessandro.arcucci2@unina.it](alessandro.arcucci2@unina.it)  \nAbstract: Breast cancers (BCs) are solid tumors composed of heterogeneous tissues consisting of cancer cells and an ever-changing tumor microenvironment (TME) . The TME includes, among other non-cancer cell types, immune cells influencing the immune context of cancer tissues. In particular, the cross talk of immune cells and their interactions with cancer cells dramatically influence BC dissemination, immunoediting, and the outcomes of cancer therapies. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent prominent immune cell populations of breast TMEs, and they have important roles in cancer immunoescape and dissemination. Therefore, in this article we review the features of TILs, TAMs, and MDSCs in BCs. Moreover","cbCairA7Vw8nEo0N","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairA7Vw8nEo0N","pdf",2976477,23,"English","# Introduction\n## Breast cancer heterogeneity and subtypes\n# Abstract\n## Immune cells in the tumor microenvironment\n# Keywords\n## Metastasis-related immune populations","[{\"question\":\"What immune cell populations are emphasized in this review for breast cancer metastasis?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). It highlights their roles as prominent immune populations within breast cancer TMEs.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the tumor microenvironment influence breast cancer outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"The tumor microenvironment contains immune cells that influence the immune context of cancer tissues. The review explains that immune cell cross talk with cancer cells affects dissemination, immunoediting, and the outcomes of cancer therapies.\"},{\"question\":\"Which breast cancer subtypes are discussed in the introduction?\",\"answer\":\"The introduction describes three major immune-histochemical types: estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) positive, HER-2 positive, and triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). It also notes luminal A and luminal B subtypes among ER/PR-positive cancers.\"}]","Guardians and Mediators of Metastasis - Exploring T Lymphocytes, Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells, and Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the Breast Cancer Microenvironment | PDF",1789990310,58]