[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-583453-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-583453-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","growth-in-means-tested-programs-and-tax-credits-for-low-income-households-february-2013","Growth in Means-Tested Programs and Tax Credits for Low-Income Households - February 2013","","Federal spending devotes about one-sixth to 10 major means-tested programs and tax credits that deliver cash payments or assistance for health care, food, housing, and education. In 2012, spending totaled $588 billion, with Medicaid and SNAP dominating. Over 1972–2011, spending rose more than tenfold as participation expanded and spending per participant increased. Health-care program growth drove roughly half the total increase, mainly from higher costs and more generous benefits.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/growth-in-means-tested-programs-and-tax-credits-for-low-income-households-february-2013/583453/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/growth-in-means-tested-programs-and-tax-credits-for-low-income-households-february-2013/583453.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Jake","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",8,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Which programs and tax credits are included among the 10 major means-tested items?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The report lists Medicaid; the LIS for Medicare Part D; refundable EITC and refundable CTC; SSI; TANF; SNAP (formerly the Food Stamp program); child nutrition programs; housing assistance programs; and the Federal Pell Grant Program.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What caused total spending on means-tested programs and tax credits to rise from 1972 to 2011?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Two drivers explained the growth: more people participating and higher spending per participant. Participation increased due to population growth, changes in economic conditions, and policy actions expanding eligibility and creating programs.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Why did health care spending grow so strongly in this period?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Spending on health care programs (especially Medicaid) rose about 15-fold. The primary reason was increased spending per participant, driven by rising costs for assistance such as medical care and by lawmakers providing more generous benefits.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},583453,1792062527,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":55,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":109,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},962084928904,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","FEBRUARY 2013  \nGrowth in Means-Tested Programs and Tax Credits for Low-Income Households  \nProvided as a convenience, this “screen-friendly” version is identical in content to the principal (“printer-friendly”) version of the report. Any tables, figures, and boxes appear at the end of this document;  \nclick the hyperlinked references in the text to view them.  \nSummary  \nThe federal government devotes roughly one-sixth of its spending to 10 major meanstested programs and tax credits, which provide cash payments or assistance in obtaining health care, food, housing, or education to people with relatively low income or few assets. Those programs and credits consist of the following:  \n􀂄 Medicaid,  \n􀂄 The low-income subsidy (LIS) for Part D of Medicare (the part of Medicare that provides prescription drug benefits),  \n􀂄 The refundable portion of the earned income tax credit (EITC),  \n􀂄 The refundable portion of the child tax credit (CTC),  \n􀂄 Supplemental Security Income (SSI),  \n􀂄 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF),  \n􀂄 The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly called the Food Stamp program),  \n􀂄 Child nutrition programs,  \n􀂄 Housing assistance programs, and  \nSee notes on page 40.  \nGROWTH IN MEANS-TESTED PROGRAMS AND TAX CREDITS FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS FEBRUARY 2013 2  \n􀂄 The Federal Pell Grant Program.  \nIn 2012, federal spending on those programs and tax credits totaled $588 billion.(Certain larger federal benefit programs, such as Social Security and Medicare, are not considered means-tested programs because they are not limited to people with specific amounts of income or assets.)  \nTotal federal spending on those 10 programs (adjusted to exclude the effects of inflation) rose more than tenfold—or by an average of about 6 percent a year—in the four decades since 1972 (when only half of the programs existed) .1 As a share of the economy, federal spending on those programs grew from 1 percent to almost 4 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) over that period (see Figure 1) .  \nMedicaid accounted for more than 40 percent of the federal spending on those programs in 2012, followed in size by SNAP. A decade from now, Medicaid will account for an even larger share of spending on those programs, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) projects . A new means-tested program—federal subsidies to help low-and moderate-income people buy health insurance through insurance exchanges, which will begin in 2014—will be the second-largest means-tested program in 2023, CBO estimates.  \nWhat Caused Total Spending on Means-Tested Programs and  \nTax Credits to Rise Over the Past 40 Years?  \nTwo broad factors were responsible for the growth of spending on means-tested programs and tax credits between 1972 and 2011: increases in the number of people participating in those programs and increases in spending per participant. (This discussion focuses on the 40-year period ending in 2011 because that is the mostrecent year for which data on the number of participants are available for those programs.) Both of those increases were themselves the result of multiple factors . For example, the rise in participation stemmed from three important causes:  \n􀂄 Population growth (the U.S. population increased by almost 50 percent during that period),  \n􀂄 Changes in economic conditions (particularly the recession that occurred from 2007 to 2009 and the weak recovery that followed it), and  \n􀂄 Actions by lawmakers to create new means-tested programs and tax credits and to expand eligibility for some existing ones.  \n1. For ease of presentation, this report frequently uses the term “programs” to encompass both the spending programs and the tax credits.  \nCBO  \nGROWTH IN MEANS-TESTED PROGRAMS AND TAX CREDITS FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS FEBRUARY 2013 3  \nIncreases in spending per participant resulted mainly from two factors:  \n􀂄 Growth in the cost of providing assistance (such as rising costs for medical care), and  \n􀂄 Actions by la","cbCaiahS8LqcHv00","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiahS8LqcHv00","pdf",372226,"English","# Summary\n## Total spending growth for means-tested programs\n## What caused spending to rise over 40 years?\n## What caused category-specific growth?\n## Health care program drivers","[{\"question\":\"Which programs and tax credits are included among the 10 major means-tested items?\",\"answer\":\"The report lists Medicaid; the LIS for Medicare Part D; refundable EITC and refundable CTC; SSI; TANF; SNAP (formerly the Food Stamp program); child nutrition programs; housing assistance programs; and the Federal Pell Grant Program.\"},{\"question\":\"What caused total spending on means-tested programs and tax credits to rise from 1972 to 2011?\",\"answer\":\"Two drivers explained the growth: more people participating and higher spending per participant. Participation increased due to population growth, changes in economic conditions, and policy actions expanding eligibility and creating programs.\"},{\"question\":\"Why did health care spending grow so strongly in this period?\",\"answer\":\"Spending on health care programs (especially Medicaid) rose about 15-fold. The primary reason was increased spending per participant, driven by rising costs for assistance such as medical care and by lawmakers providing more generous benefits.\"}]","Growth in Means-Tested Programs and Tax Credits for Low-Income Households - February 2013 | PDF",1792047276,101]