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Using a finite mixture model on a novel dataset covering 78 countries from 1995 to 2014, the study examines how green complexity relates to CO2 emissions under different institutional quality conditions. Results show that stronger green-product capability reduces CO2 emissions when institutions function better, while green complexity increases emissions where institutions are weak. The relationship is transformed in about one fifth of the sample and varies nonlinearly across sectors and energy types.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/green-complexity-and-co2-emission-institutional-quality-effects-and-evidence-from-78-countries/148542/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/green-complexity-and-co2-emission-institutional-quality-effects-and-evidence-from-78-countries/148542.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Levi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-08-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",17,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What does the paper mean by green complexity?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Green complexity reflects the productive capability and green productive structure associated with producing green products, often proxied by the green complexity index (GCI).","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does institutional quality affect the relationship between green complexity and CO2 emissions?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"When institutional quality is higher, stronger green productive ability of green products decreases CO2 emissions; with weaker institutions, increases in green complexity can lead to higher CO2 emissions.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What modelling approach does the study use and what is the dataset scope?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The paper applies a finite mixture model to a dataset covering 78 countries over 1995–2014 to analyze heterogeneous and nonlinear relationships.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},148542,1787781053,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":105,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},7971461740909,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Energy Economics 110 (2022) 106022  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nEnergy Economics  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/eneeco)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/eneeco](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/eneeco)  \n| Green complexity and CO2 emission: Does institutional En-Ze Wang a, Mian Yang b, c, *\u003Cbr>a Economics and Management School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China b Center for Economic Development Research, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China c Institute of Economics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China |  |  | quality | matter? | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O |  | A B S T R A C T |  |  |  |\n| JEL classification: Q56\u003Cbr>L16\u003Cbr>Keywords:\u003Cbr>Green complexity CO2 emission Institutional quality\u003Cbr>Finite mixture model |  | The productive capability of green products plays a key role in enhancing environmental quality. By applying the finite mixture model to a novel dataset covering 78 countries from 1995 to 2014, this paper seeks to supply the first comprehensive investigation into the nexus among green complexity (reflecting the productive capability of green products), CO2 emission and institutional quality. The principal finding of our study is that stronger productive ability of green products can decrease CO2 emission in countries with better institutional quality, while the enhancement of green complexity will cause higher CO2 emission in countries without well-functioning institution. Moreover, nearly one fifth countries in our sample have experienced the transformation in the relationship between green complexity and CO2 emission. Furthermore, there exists non-linear and heterogeneous nexuses between green complexity and CO2 emission generated by diverse sectors and energy types, separately. Finally, the green complexity can suppress CO2 emission in countries with stable government, better investment profile, strict law as well as better bureaucracy quality. |  |  |  |\n\n1. Introduction  \nEconomic activities are hugely driving climate change and environmental degradation. To this end, most countries have devoted to transforming their traditional growth pattern characterized by high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to a green growth pattern featured by low CO2 emission to relieve the adverse impact of economic growth on environment (Wang and Lee, 2022; Lee et al., 2021; Bowen and Hepburn, 2014). Particularly, an essential prerequisite of green growth pattern is the exploitation and popularization of technologies and products with environmental benefits (Ahmad et al., 2021). Hence, the evolvement of green productive capability has been treated as a novel engine in the improvement of environmental quality in recent years (Fraccascia et al., 2018). In this context, Mealy and Teytelboym (2020) proposed a new integrated indicator, naming green complexity index (GCI), to assess the green productive structure for specific country and quantify a country's ability to product green product.  \nHowever, what is not yet clear is the role of green complexity on CO2 emission. Theoretically, the impact of green complexity on CO2 emission is in fact ambiguous and inconclusive, which can be extracted into two contradictory opinions. Intuitively, green complexity seems to be a catalyst in reducing CO2 emission and curbing environmental  \ndegradation. The flowing of factors to productive activities of green product can curtail CO2 emission by promoting innovation in cleaner technologies and popularizing green products, implying that countries with higher green complexity have higher possibilities to be associated with lower CO2 emission. However, this opinionated judgment may be unsatisfactory. For instance, countries experiencing the conversion from low green complexity to high green complexity tend to connect with the evolvement of green productive capacity and this procedure may cause unavoidable and additional energy consumption, putting extra level of burden t","cbCaividFqE0BOhh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaividFqE0BOhh","pdf",676682,"English","# Introduction\n## Green growth and CO2 emission motivation\n## Green complexity as an indicator of green productive capability\n## Ambiguous theoretical effects on CO2 emissions\n## Institutional quality as a moderator of the nexus\n# Empirical strategy\n## Data and finite mixture model design\n## Country coverage and study framework","[{\"question\":\"What does the paper mean by green complexity?\",\"answer\":\"Green complexity reflects the productive capability and green productive structure associated with producing green products, often proxied by the green complexity index (GCI).\"},{\"question\":\"How does institutional quality affect the relationship between green complexity and CO2 emissions?\",\"answer\":\"When institutional quality is higher, stronger green productive ability of green products decreases CO2 emissions; with weaker institutions, increases in green complexity can lead to higher CO2 emissions.\"},{\"question\":\"What modelling approach does the study use and what is the dataset scope?\",\"answer\":\"The paper applies a finite mixture model to a dataset covering 78 countries over 1995–2014 to analyze heterogeneous and nonlinear relationships.\"}]","Green complexity and CO2 emission - Institutional quality effects and evidence from 78 countries | PDF",43]