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The United States government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof.  \nGravel Roads  \nMaintenance and Design Manual  \nKen Skorseth  \nAli A. Selim, Ph. D. , P. E.  \nAcknowledgements i  \nAcknowledgements  \nThe need for a comprehensive manual that addresses most issues that deal with gravel  \nroad maintenance has been recognized by several entities across the states and the world.  \nThe Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) asked the South Dakota Local Transportation Assistance Program (SD LTAP) to put together a new Gravel Road Manual that can be used by all regions of the United States and even other countries. The SD LTAP formed a technical review committee to help guide the project. They critiqued several versions of this manual at various stages of development.  \nOur sincere appreciation is extended to the following committee members:  \nDan Cady, Nebraska LTAP  \nPete Coughlin, Maine LTAP  \nAlan Gesford, Pennsylvania LTAP  \nMark Hoines, South Dakota Division, Federal Highway Administration  \nJohn Hopkins, Idaho LTAP  \nArlie Long, South Dakota LTAP  \nJody Paden,Oklahoma LTAP  \nThe support and encouragement of Mr. Raymond McCormick of the Federal Highway Administration in greatly appreciated. The assistance of Marv Espeland,FHWA (retired), and Gene Calvert, formerly with Wyoming LTAP, is also appreciated.  \nThe graphic illustrations were made possible through the assistance of SDSU graduate student Muhammed S. Ali. The Office of University Relations at South Dakota State University put the Manual into its final form.  \nAli Selim, Ph. D., P. E., Director, SD LTAP  \nKen Skorseth, Field Operation Manager, SD LTAP  \nii Table of Contents  \nTable of Contents  \nAcknowledgement ........................................ i  \nTable of Contents .......................................... ii  \nDefinition of Terms ....................................... iv  \nList of Acronyms ........................................... v  \nList of [Figures](Figures .............................................. vi)[ ..............................................](Figures .............................................. vi)[ vi](Figures .............................................. vi)  \n[List of Tables](List of Tables ............................................... vii)[ ...............................................](List of Tables ............................................... vii)[ vii](List of Tables ............................................... vii)  \n[Forward](Forward..................................................... viii)[.....................................................](Forward..................................................... viii)[ viii](Forward..................................................... viii)  \n[Introduction](Introduction ................................................ ix)[ ................................................](Introduction ................................................ ix)[ ix](Introduction ................................................ ix)  \nSection I: Routine Maintenance  \nand Rehabilitation ...................................... 1  \nUnderstanding Road Cross Section ........................ 1  \nRoutine Shaping Principles .................................... 4  \nOperating Speed ............................................ 4  \nMoldboard Angle ........................................... 4  \nMoldboard Pitch ............................................ 6  \nMotorgrader Stability ...................................... 7  \nArticulation.................................................. 7  \nWind rows.................................................... 8  \nCrown ........................................................... 9  \nRoad Shoulder ................................................ 12  \nHigh Shoulders (Secondary Ditches) ..................... 13  \nCauses of High S","cbCairbC4cptLgrj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairbC4cptLgrj","pdf",37652216,104,"English","# Acknowledgement\n# Table of Contents\n# Definition of Terms\n# List of Acronyms\n# List of Figures\n# List of Tables\n# Forward\n# Introduction\n# Section I: Routine Maintenance and Rehabilitation\n## Understanding Road Cross Section\n## Routine Shaping Principles\n## Operating Speed\n## Moldboard Angle\n## Moldboard Pitch\n## Motorgrader Stability\n## Articulation\n## Wind rows\n## Crown\n## Road Shoulder\n## High Shoulders (Secondary Ditches)\n## Causes of High Shoulders\n## Recovering and Spreading on Roadway\n## Breaking up Sod and Vegetation in Recovered Material\n## Pulling and Covering\n## Benefit of Mowing\n## Gravel Road Rehabilitation\n## Reshaping Surface and Shoulder\n## Reshaping Entire Cross Section\n## Erosion Control\n## Areas of Concern\n## Dealing with Corrugation\n## Intersections\n## Intersection with Paved Roads\n## Bridge Approaches\n## Superelevation in Curves\n## Rail Crossings\n## Driveways\n## Cattle Guards\n## Soft and Weak Subgrade\n# Section II: Drainage\n## Ditches\n## Culverts and Bridges\n## Underdrains\n# Section III: Surface Gravel\n## What is Good Gravel?\n## Difference in Surface Gravel and Other Uses\n## Good Gradation\n## Benefit of Crushing\n## Recycled Asphalt\n## The Benefit of Testing Aggregates\n## Reasons for Testing","[{\"question\":\"What is the document’s purpose?\",\"answer\":\"It provides a comprehensive manual for gravel road maintenance and design guidance, intended for broad use across U.S. regions and even other countries.\"},{\"question\":\"Who commissioned the new Gravel Road Manual?\",\"answer\":\"The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) asked the South Dakota Local Transportation Assistance Program (SD LTAP) to put together the manual.\"},{\"question\":\"What major topics does the manual cover?\",\"answer\":\"It is organized into routine maintenance and rehabilitation, drainage, and surface gravel guidance, including shaping, erosion control, and gravel quality principles.\"}]","Gravel Roads - Maintenance and Design Manual | PDF",262]