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The manuscript reports the first observation of granular sludge formation during chain elongation in a continuously stirred anaerobic reactor. Granules and suspended sludge formed concurrently and accounted for 85% and 15% of total biomass, respectively, showing equal product distributions and similar MCFA contribution. Granules displayed irregular shapes, up to ~1.5 mm diameters, settling velocities of 4–36 m·h−1, and viable microorganisms. Sludge retention inside an in-situ settler resulted in a 4.7-day SRT at a 17-hour HRT, supporting optimization toward high-rate bioprocessing.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/granular-sludge-formation-and-characterization-in-a-chain-elongation-process/606616/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/granular-sludge-formation-and-characterization-in-a-chain-elongation-process/606616.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Stanford","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-16",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What process does chain elongation perform in this study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Chain elongation converts short-chain fatty acids and an electron donor into medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs).","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What new observation is reported regarding sludge behavior?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The manuscript reports the first observation of granular sludge formation in a chain elongation process, alongside concurrently formed suspended sludge.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How did granular and suspended sludge compare in product distribution and MCFA contribution?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Granular and suspended sludge showed equal product distributions and contributed similarly to MCFA production.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},606616,1792891240,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},2336477552062,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Accepted Manuscript  \nTitle: Granular Sludge Formation and Characterization in a Chain Elongation Process  \nAuthor: Mark Roghair David P.B.T.B. Strik Kirsten J.J. Steinbusch Ruud A. Weusthuis Marieke E. Bruins Cees J.N. Buisman  \nPII: S1359-5113(16)30190-8  \nDOI: [http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2016.06.012](http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2016.06.012)  \nReference: PRBI 10716  \nTo appear in: Process Biochemistry  \nReceived date: 11-4-2016  \nRevised date: 2-6-2016  \nAccepted date: 11-6-2016  \nPlease cite this article as: Roghair Mark, Strik David PBTB, Steinbusch Kirsten JJ, Weusthuis Ruud A, Bruins Marieke E, Buisman Cees J.N.Granular Sludge Formation and Characterization in a Chain Elongation Process.Process Biochemistry [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2016.06.012](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2016.06.012)  \nThis is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.  \nGranular Sludge Formation and Characterization in a Chain Elongation Process  \nMark Roghair a, David P.B. T.B. Strik a,*, Kirsten J.J. Steinbusch a,b, Ruud A. Weusthuis c, Marieke E. Bruins d, Cees J.N. Buisman a  \na Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands  \nb Delft Advanced Biorenewables, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC, Delft, the Netherlands  \nc Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands  \nd Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands  \n* Corresponding author: E-mail: [david.strik@wur.nl](david.strik@wur.nl) ; tel +31 317 483 447  \nAnaerobic Bioreactor  \n-Propionate  \n-Ethanol  \n|  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| | | |\n| |  |  |\n\n-Caproate  \n-Heptanoate  \nGranular Chain Elongation Sludge  \nHighlights  \n􀁸 First report on granulation in a chain elongation process  \n􀁸 Granules were active in chain elongation but also in methanogenesis  \n􀁸 Granular and suspended sludge showed equal product distributions  \n􀁸 Granular and suspended sludge contributed similarly to MCFA production  \n􀁸 Small, irregular shaped granules settled at 15.3 m·h-1 on average  \nAbstract  \nChain elongation is an open-culture biotechnological process which converts short chain fatty acids and an electron donor to medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs). With this letter we present the first observation of granular sludge formation in a chain elongation process. This discovery was made in a continuously stirred anaerobic reactor producing caproate (10.8 g∙L- 1∙d-1) and heptanoate (1 .8 g∙L-1∙d-1) as main MCFAs. Concurrently granular and suspended sludge were shaped and attributed to 85% and 15% respectively of the total sludge. Both sludge types showed equal product distributions and contributed similarly to MCFA production. Granules had irregular shapes, diameters up to ~1.5 mm, settling velocities of 4 to 36 m∙h-1 and contained micro-organisms with various shapes. The in-situ settler retained sludge in the bioreactor resulting in a SRT of 4.7 days at an HRT of 17 hours. Granular sludge based chain elongation can be optimized as a high rate biotechnological process.  \nKeywords: Chain elongation, granular sludge, specific activity, caproate, heptanoate  \n1. Introduction  \nChain elongation is an emerging open-culture biotechnological process that facilitates production of chemicals from renewable resources. It uses short chain fatty acids and an electron donor to form medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) such as caproic acid, heptanoic acid and caprylic acid ","cbCaiuPLU1hNK7Gs","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuPLU1hNK7Gs","pdf",922478,18,"English","# Highlights\n# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What process does chain elongation perform in this study?\",\"answer\":\"Chain elongation converts short-chain fatty acids and an electron donor into medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs).\"},{\"question\":\"What new observation is reported regarding sludge behavior?\",\"answer\":\"The manuscript reports the first observation of granular sludge formation in a chain elongation process, alongside concurrently formed suspended sludge.\"},{\"question\":\"How did granular and suspended sludge compare in product distribution and MCFA contribution?\",\"answer\":\"Granular and suspended sludge showed equal product distributions and contributed similarly to MCFA production.\"}]","Granular Sludge Formation and Characterization in a Chain Elongation Process | PDF",1792185275,45]