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It clarifies apostrophe use for contractions (e.g., isn’t, don’t, I’ve), and possession with 's or apostrophes on plural nouns (e.g., Jim’s car, the twins’ room), while warning against using apostrophes for simple plurals. It also covers capitalization guidelines for I, sentence starts, titles, proper names, brands, days, months, holidays, languages, nationalities, and specific course names, plus rules for non-capitalization. Additional sections address parallelism, modifier placement, connector punctuation, and common sentence fragment and run-on fixes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/grammar-punctuation-etc-quick-reference-sheet-commonly-confused-words/266973/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/grammar-punctuation-etc-quick-reference-sheet-commonly-confused-words/266973.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Bill Black","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-14",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How do you decide between it’s and its in writing?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Use it’s for “it is” (contraction). Use its to show possession meaning “belonging to it.”","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"When should you use an apostrophe to show possession?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Use ’s on singular words that don’t already end in -s, and use just the apostrophe on plural nouns that already end in -s (e.g., the twins’ room).",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What are the main rules for avoiding sentence fragments and run-ons?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"A fragment is missing a subject, a verb, or a complete thought; complete it or connect it to a prior sentence. A run-on happens when two sentences run together without an appropriate connector; fix by using a period with a capital letter or by using an appropriate conjunction with correct punctuation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},266973,1789413537,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":144},24189269381491,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/160000cf11732dd8392?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1788146458752108895","GRAMMAR, PUNCTUATION, ETC. QUICK REFERENCE SHEET  \nCOMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS:  \nIf there's a version of a word with an apostrophe and a version without one, the version with the apostrophe is always the contraction , the shortened form of several words put together.  \nit's = it is its = belonging to it  \nyou're = you are your = belonging to you  \nthey're = they are their = belonging to them there = a place  \n(there/here/where);  \nalso There are...  \nwho's = who is/has whose = belonging to someone  \nThey have two dogs. We're going to school. I ate too much.  \nShe likes to cook. He thinks so, too.  \nAPOSTROPHES:  \n1) In contractions, put the apostrophe where a letter or letters are missing. isn't = is not don't = do not I've = I have what's = what is/has  \n2) To show possession, use 's on words that don't end in –sand just an apostrophe on plurals that already end in –s.  \nJim's car one dog's bowl the men's room anybody's guess  \nthe twins' room my in-laws’ house  \n3) DON'T use apostrophes to make ordinary nouns plural!  \nThe office is closed on Fridays. [NO APOSTROPHE!]  \nCAPITALIZATION:  \nCapitalize    \n􀁸 \"I\"  \n􀁸 the first word in a sentence  \n􀁸 the first word & major words in titles of books/movies/songs  \n􀁸 names of particular people/places/things (e.g. , Dorothy, Corvallis, the Washington Monument)  \n􀁸 brand names  \n􀁸 days of the week  \n􀁸 months  \n􀁸 holidays  \n􀁸 languages  \n􀁸 nationalities  \n􀁸 geographical regions (e.g. , the Midwest)  \n􀁸 names of specific courses (e.g. , Math 60)  \n􀁸 titles and family terms that come right in front of a person's name or that are used as names (e.g. , Senator Ron Wyden, Uncle Bob, Mom)  \nDON'T capitalize    \n􀁸 the seasons (e.g. , summer)  \n􀁸 general school subjects (e.g. , math)  \n􀁸 general direction words (e.g. , go south two miles)  \n􀁸 titles and family terms with possessives or with the/a/an (e.g. , my mom, the doctor)  \n􀁸 the first word after a semicolon  \nD. Stark 4/24/2013 1  \nPARALLELISM:  \nMake sure listed items have the same pattern (ending, tense, part of speech, etc. ) .  \nNOT OK: She likes hiking and to cook.  \nOK: She likes hiking and cooking.  \nOK: She likes to hike and to cook.  \nMODIFIERS:  \nIf a sentence starts with an-ing phrase that ends in a comma, the word immediately after the comma should be who or what is doing the-ing'ing.  \nNOT OK: Digging in her purse, her keys fell out.[The keys are not digging in her purse.]  \nOK: Digging in her purse, she dropped her keys.  \nalso OK: As she was digging in her purse, her keys fell out.[The sentence doesn't start with-ing.]  \nCONNECTORS  \nAND/OR/BUT/SO: [coordination]  \n\u003Csentence> , and \u003Csentence> .  \nThey went out to dinner, and they had a great time.[COMMA—too heavy for just the connector]  \n\u003Csentence> and \u003Cfragment> .1  \nThey went out to dinner and had a great time.[NO COMMA—connector alone strong enough]  \nHOWEVER, THEREFORE, FOR EXAMPLE,  \nIN ADDITION, FURTHER, ON THE OTHER HAND  \n[transitions & conjunctive adverbs]  \n\u003Csentence> . However, \u003Csentence> .  \n\u003Csentence> ; however, \u003Csentence> . [less common]  \nI love the Northeast. However, the winters are brutal.  \nI love the Northeast; however, the winters are brutal.[lowercase after the semicolon]  \nALTHOUGH/BECAUSE/IF/WHEN/SINCE/BEFORE/AFTER/WHILE/UNLESS [subordination]  \nBecause \u003Csentence> , \u003Csentence> .  \nBecause she wanted to know what to study, she took a pretest. [comma between the 2 parts]  \n\u003Csentence> because \u003Csentence> .2  \nShe took a pretest because she wanted to know what to study. [no comma]  \nADVANCED NOTES (See me for a more detailed discussion of these points. ):  \n1 The fragment indicated here is one missing a subject so that the whole thing involves a compound verb rather than a compound sentence. Note that just with “BUT” or “YET” there are other sorts of connected fragments for which a comma is appropriate, such as “I love the Northeast, but not the winters there.”  \n2 Some grammar books say that to emphasize great contrast, you may use a comma in front of “alt","cbCaihobGC0jueLu","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihobGC0jueLu","pdf",107729,"English","# Commonly Confused Words\n# Apostrophes\n## Contractions and Possession\n# Capitalization\n## When to Capitalize\n## When Not to Capitalize\n# Parallelism\n# Modifiers\n# Connectors and Punctuation\n## Coordination\n## Transitions and Conjunctive Adverbs\n## Subordination\n# Sentence Fragments\n# Run-Ons","[{\"question\":\"How do you decide between it’s and its in writing?\",\"answer\":\"Use it’s for “it is” (contraction). Use its to show possession meaning “belonging to it.”\"},{\"question\":\"When should you use an apostrophe to show possession?\",\"answer\":\"Use ’s on singular words that don’t already end in -s, and use just the apostrophe on plural nouns that already end in -s (e.g., the twins’ room).\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main rules for avoiding sentence fragments and run-ons?\",\"answer\":\"A fragment is missing a subject, a verb, or a complete thought; complete it or connect it to a prior sentence. A run-on happens when two sentences run together without an appropriate connector; fix by using a period with a capital letter or by using an appropriate conjunction with correct punctuation.\"}]","Grammar, Punctuation, Etc. - Quick Reference Sheet - Commonly Confused Words | PDF",13]