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It addresses the “spread-of-effect” phenomenon originally reported by Thorndike and reviews competing interpretations, including reinforcement generalization versus artifact accounts from response habits and bias. The work emphasizes the need for controlled comparisons across different reward and experimental 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is the primary question of the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Whether an error-response strength gradient around rewarded responses remains after removing guessing-sequence and probability-bias factors using comparable control groups.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why are control groups considered necessary?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Prior findings show that artifactual gradients can be produced without reward, and gradients from guessing/bias conditions cannot be directly compared to those from typical reward-with-motivation settings.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the introduction relate the study to Thorndike’s spread-of-effect?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It notes Thorndike’s interpretation as evidence for direct strengthening of S-R connections and highlights substantial empirical verification alongside theoretical disagreement.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},322784,1791262591,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":26,"preview_page_count":4},1374391975076,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253ca4ec9f6853?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1783305029341752051","No.437  \n1957  \n\n| Gradients of Error-Reinforcement in a  \u003Cbr>Serial Perceptual-Motor  \u003Cbr>Task  \u003Cbr>By  \u003Cbr>Melvin H.Marx  \u003Cbr>University of Missouri   |\n| --- |\n\nMelvin H。Marx  \nVol.71  \nNo.8  \n# chologicalonographs\n\nGeneral and AppliedPricc $1.00Edited by Herbert S.Conrad  \nPublished by The American Psychological Association,Inc.  \n## Psychological Monographs:General and Applied\n\nCombining the Applied Psychology Monographs and the Archives of Psychologywith the Psychological Monographs  \nHERBERT S.CONRAD,Editor  \nDepartment of Health,Education,and WelfareOffice of EducationWashington 25,D.C.  \nConsulting Editors  \nDONALD E.BAIERHAROLD E.JONESFRANK A.BEACHDoNALD W.MACKINNONROBERT G.BERNREUTERLORRIN A.RIGGSWILLIAM A.BROWNELLCARL R.RoGERSHAROLD E.BURTTSAUL ROSENZWEIGJERRY W.CARTER,JR.Ross STAGNERCLYDE H.CoOMBSPERCIVAL M.SYMONDSJoHN F.DASHIELLJoSEPH TIFFINEUGENIA HANFMANNLEDYARD R TUCKEREDNA HEIDBREDERJOSEPH ZUBIN  \nARTHUR C.HOFFMAN,Managing EditorHELEN ORR,Assistant Managing Editor  \nEditorial Staff:FRANCES H.CLARK,BARBARA CUMMINGS,SADIE J.DoYLE,SARAH WoMACK  \nMANUSCRIPTs should be sent to the Editor.  \nBecause of lack of space,the Psychological Monographs can print only the originalor advanced contribution of the author.Background and bibliographic materialsmust,in general,be totally excluded or kept to an irreducible minimum.Statisticaltables should be used to present only the most important of the statistical data orevidence.  \nThe first page of the manuscript should contain the title of the paper,the author'sname,and his institutional connection (or his city of residence).Acknowledgmentsshould be kept brief,and appear as a footnote on the first page.No table of contentsneed be included.For other directions or suggestions on the preparation of manu-scripts,see:CONRAD,H.S.Preparation of manuscripts for publication as mono-graphs.J.Psychol.,1948,26,447-459.  \nCORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING BUSINESS MATTERS(such as subscriptions and sales,change of address,etc.)should be addressed to the American Psychological Associa-tion,Inc.,1333 Sixteenth St.N.W.,Washington 6,D.C.Address changes must arriveby the 1oth of the month to take effect the following month.Undelivered copiesresulting from address changes will not be replaced;subscribers should notify thepost office that they willguarantee third-class forwarding postage.  \nCoPYRIGHT,1957,BY THE AMERICAN PsYCHOLOGICAL AssoCIATION,INC.  \n## Gradients of Error-Reinforcement in a Serial\n\nPerceptual-Motor Task¹²  \nMELVIN H.MARX  \nUniversity of Missouri  \neffect.More recent investigators havepresented a wide variety of alternativeinterpretations.These range from thesuggestion that the Thorndike effect issimply one special case of a more inclu-sive generalization-of-reinforcement prin-ciple(9)to the conclusion that the ob-tained gradients bear no essential rela-tion to reward but are artifacts of suchconditions as number-guessing habits andprobability bias in the response series  \n## I.INTRODUCT1ON\n\nHE prinary problem of the presentI study was to determine whether astatistically significant gradient of re-sponse strength of errors around re-warded responses would remain afterremoval of the guessing-sequence andprobability-bias factors by control groupsdirectly comparable to the experimentalgroups.  \nOriginally reported by Thorndike (16,  \n(3,4,14,15).  \n17),the\"spread-of-effect\"phenomenonhas received substantial empirical verification.Considerable disagreement,how-ever,has developed about its theoreticalinterpretation.Thorndike(16)regardedthe gradient of decreasing intertrial repe-tition of errors with increasing distancefrom a rewarded response as strong evi-dence for the direct strengthening byreward of S-R connections.He saw it asan\"independent proof\"of his law of  \nThe present study is an attempt toprovide data on this problem with moreadequate controls than have hithertobeen used.The necessity for such con-trols is pointed up by the various studieswhich have shown that artifactual gradi-e","cbCaigGlgNxr7lEh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigGlgNxr7lEh","pdf",1342552,24,"English","# I. INTRODUCTION\n## II. METHOD\n### A. Subjects","[{\"question\":\"What is the primary question of the study?\",\"answer\":\"Whether an error-response strength gradient around rewarded responses remains after removing guessing-sequence and probability-bias factors using comparable control groups.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are control groups considered necessary?\",\"answer\":\"Prior findings show that artifactual gradients can be produced without reward, and gradients from guessing/bias conditions cannot be directly compared to those from typical reward-with-motivation settings.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the introduction relate the study to Thorndike’s spread-of-effect?\",\"answer\":\"It notes Thorndike’s interpretation as evidence for direct strengthening of S-R connections and highlights substantial empirical verification alongside theoretical disagreement.\"}]","Gradients of Error-Reinforcement in a Serial Perceptual-Motor Task - No.437 - 1957 | PDF",1789963545]