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It includes publication and preparation details and provides correct-answer guidance, including that option B and option A each receive 1 point. 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They live with their families, give hugs and call each other by using their trunks as trumpets. They also might know how to help each other.  \nIn a recent elephant study by researchers from the United States and Thailand, pairs of giant animals learned to work together to get some ears of corn. Other animals, especially some primates, are already known to work together to complete tasks, but now elephants have joined the club. Perhaps the finding is not too surprising: scientists suspect that elephants, with their big brains and survival savvy, may be among the smartest animals on the planet.  \nJoshua Plotnik, who worked on the study, told Science News that the animals didn’t just learn a trick. Instead, the ways the elephants behaved show that they understand how working together brings benefits to everyone involved. Plotnik is a comparative psychologist now at the University of Cambridge in England. Psychology is the study of behaviorsand mental processes, and comparative psychologists study how animals other than humans behave.  \nIt’s not easy to study these formidable mammals’ behavior. Elephants are the largest mammals that walk on solid ground, and if they don't like a particular experiment, look out! Scientists have to be careful to keep their distance.  \nTo figure out whether elephants can cooperate, Plotnik and Frans de Waal, a comparative psychologist at Emory University in Atlanta, built a test. The test was based on one that’s been used to study the behavior of primates for more than 70 years. Primates include animals such as chimpanzees and monkeys. (Humans are also primates but these experiments didn't focus on humans.)  \nThe test is so simple to set up, you could build one yourself. You need along piece of string, a book and a friend. First, sit next to your friend. Second, place the book in front of both of you. Third, lay down the string so that it starts in front of you, wraps around the back of the book, and then ends up in front of your friend. The string should form a u-shape, with the book inside.  \nNow for the experiment: pull on the string by yourself, and you’ll notice that it slides toward you without moving the book. If your friend pulls on the  \nother end of the string without your help, the string slides in the other direction—but the book still doesn’t move. If both of you pull on the ends of the string at the same time, though, the book slides toward you.  \nIn other words, you and your friend must cooperate to get the book. In the case of elephants, they weren’t motivated to get a book. Instead, they were trying to get to some delicious corn sitting on a platform. The rope ran around the platform. Animals received corn treats only if both pulled the rope ends at the same time with their trunks. This cooperation brought the platform close enough for them to reach the corn with their trunks.  \nThe scientists studied six elephants at the Thai Elephant Conservation Center in Lampang, Thailand. The elephants figured out how to get the corn, but Plotnik and his colleagues wanted to know if the animals had simply learned a trick, or if they understood some basic ideas about cooperation. So the researchers did more experiments. In one, a single elephant was led to the rope and stood, alone, waiting. The animal waited patiently for more than 25 seconds for another elephant to come along—the animals seemed to know that sometimes, you have to wait for help to get the job done.  \nSometimes an elephant waited as lo","cbCaiiAXx5RWqEhy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiAXx5RWqEhy","pdf",1063474,42,"English","# Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium Practice Test Scoring Guide\n## Grade 8\n## Scoring rules for correct answers\n## Full-credit requirements and correct sentences","[{\"question\":\"How many points are awarded for the correct response in option B?\",\"answer\":\"The correct response, option B, receives a score of 1 point.\"},{\"question\":\"What must a student do to receive the full-credit score of 1 point?\",\"answer\":\"To receive the full-credit score of 1 point, the student must choose five or more correct sentences.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the listed correct sentences indicate in the passage?\",\"answer\":\"They summarize key findings about how elephants cooperate, including waiting behavior and coordinated pulling that enables access to corn.\"}]","Grade 8 ELA - Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium Practice Test Scoring Guide | PDF",1791062170,106]