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Existing links rely on animal data and show conflicting SOD2 outcomes in human-relevant contexts, motivating further study of Gα13’s impact on tumorigenesis and SOD2 under oxidative stress.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/gpcr-g13-involvement-in-mitochondrial-function-oxidative-stress-and-prostate-cancer/332218/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/gpcr-g13-involvement-in-mitochondrial-function-oxidative-stress-and-prostate-cancer/332218.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Aria","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",8,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What role does Gα13 play in prostate cancer signaling?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Gα13 mediates GPCR signaling, and its effects can differ from Gα12. Its involvement in tumor initiation and progression has not been fully clarified.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Why is oxidative stress and mitochondrial function important in this context?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Current evidence connecting Gα13 to oxidative stress comes mainly from animal studies, and the effects on antioxidant pathways are not well resolved for mitochondrial function in human-relevant settings.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How is SOD2 related to prostate cancer and oxidative stress in the document?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"SOD2 expression correlates with prostate cancer risk and prognosis, but overexpressing SOD2 in prostate cancer cells yields conflicting results for growth and survival under basal versus oxidative stress conditions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},332218,1790218080,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":55,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336464648322,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2200025388227c56fec?_k=1778556882303663488","Review  \nGPCR-Gα13 Involvement in Mitochondrial Function, Oxidative Stress, and Prostate Cancer  \nDi Wu 1 and Patrick J. Casey 1,2, *  \nCitation: Wu, D.; Casey, P.J.  \nGPCR-Gα13 Involvement in Mitochondrial Function, Oxidative Stress, and Prostate Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 7162. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms25137162](10.3390/ijms25137162)  \nAcademic Editors: Anna Perri and Sabrina Bossio  \nReceived: 30 April 2024  \nRevised: 20 June 2024  \nAccepted: 26 June 2024  \nPublished: 28 June 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; [di.wu@u.duke.nus.edu](di.wu@u.duke.nus.edu)  \n2 Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA  \n* [Correspondence: patrick.casey@duke-nus.edu.sg](Correspondence: patrick.casey@duke-nus.edu.sg)  \nAbstract: Gα13 and Gα12, encoded by the GNA13 and GNA12 genes, respectively, are members of the G12 family of Gα proteins that, along with their associated Gβγ subunits, mediate signaling from specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) . Advanced prostate cancers have increased expression of GPCRs such as CXC Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4), lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPAR), and protease activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) . These GPCRs signal through either the G12 family, or through Gα13 exclusively, often in addition to other G proteins. The effect of Gα13 can be distinct from that of Gα12, and the role of Gα13 in prostate cancer initiation and progression is largely unexplored. The oncogenic effect of Gα13 on cell migration and invasion in prostate cancer has been characterized, but little is known about other biological processes such as mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Current knowledge on the link between Gα13 and oxidative stress is based on animal studies in which GPCR-Gα13 signaling decreased superoxide levels, and the overexpression of constitutively active Gα13 promoted antioxidant gene activation. In human samples, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) correlates with prostate cancer risk and prognostic Gleason grade. However, overexpression of SOD2 in prostate cancer cells yielded conflicting results on cell growth and survival under basal versus oxidative stress conditions. Hence, it is necessary to explore the effect of Gα13 on prostate cancer tumorigenesis, as well as the effect of Gα13 on SOD2 in prostate cancer cell growth under oxidative stress conditions.  \nKeywords: G protein-coupled receptor; Gα13; Gα12; mitochondria; oxidative stress; antioxidant; superoxide dismutase 2; prostate cancer  \n1. GPCR-Gα13 Signaling  \n1.1. Overview  \nG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven-transmembrane receptors that form the largest family of transmembrane receptors, with over 800 in the human genome. GPCRs are involved in processes as diverse as embryogenesis, normal physiological functions, including metabolic and neuroendocrine control, as well as in the pathological processes of tumorigenesis and tumor progression [1] . As such, GPCRs govern a wide range of functions and processes, including sensory, neurotransmission, endocrine, exocrine, cell growth, and cell migration [2,3], several of which are also involved in malignancy. GPCRs are largely located at the plasma membrane and respond to diverse extracellular stimuli from both small molecule hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as peptides and even large protein signaling molecules [2] . More recently, it was recognized that GPCRs are also located at the membranes of intr","cbCaimyMXQwxlYq6","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimyMXQwxlYq6","pdf",2668416,23,"English","# Abstract\n## GPCR-Gα13 Signaling\n### Overview","[{\"question\":\"What role does Gα13 play in prostate cancer signaling?\",\"answer\":\"Gα13 mediates GPCR signaling, and its effects can differ from Gα12. Its involvement in tumor initiation and progression has not been fully clarified.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is oxidative stress and mitochondrial function important in this context?\",\"answer\":\"Current evidence connecting Gα13 to oxidative stress comes mainly from animal studies, and the effects on antioxidant pathways are not well resolved for mitochondrial function in human-relevant settings.\"},{\"question\":\"How is SOD2 related to prostate cancer and oxidative stress in the document?\",\"answer\":\"SOD2 expression correlates with prostate cancer risk and prognosis, but overexpressing SOD2 in prostate cancer cells yields conflicting results for growth and survival under basal versus oxidative stress conditions.\"}]","GPCR-Gα13 Involvement in Mitochondrial Function, Oxidative Stress, and Prostate Cancer | PDF",1789997400,58]