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Real-world and clinical trial evidence supports therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. Emerging data also indicate possible roles in reducing smoking and substance use behaviors, while limited trials suggest utility for migraine or intracranial hypertension. Available evidence supports an acceptable safety profile across most neuropsychiatric populations, and the review summarizes recent clinical evidence and ongoing trials for broad neurological indications.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/glucagon-like-peptide-1-medicines-in-neurological-and-psychiatric-disorders/433930/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/glucagon-like-peptide-1-medicines-in-neurological-and-psychiatric-disorders/433930.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Miles","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) medicines mainly used for?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"GLP-1 medicines are used for treating type 2 diabetes and obesity, and they reduce cardiovascular disease rates in people with type 2 diabetes.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How might GLP-1 medicines affect the brain despite limited blood-brain barrier penetration?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review explains that GLP-1 medicines localize to circumventricular organs and are found at very low levels in cerebrospinal fluid. They can also activate neuronal pathways, including cFos expression in multiple brain regions.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What evidence supports GLP-1 medicines for neurodegenerative disorders and related psychiatric conditions?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Preclinical studies show anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in models of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Clinical evidence and ongoing trials are summarized for neurodegenerative disorders, substance use disorders, psychiatric disorders, and certain headache or stroke-related indications.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},433930,1790741077,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},13056703019404,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","ll  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nReview  \nGlucagon-like peptide-1 medicines  \nin neurological and psychiatric disorders  \nSusanna Fang,1,4 Fiona Cui,1,4 and Daniel J. Drucker1,2,3,*  \n1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada  \n2Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada  \n3Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X5, Canada  \n4These authors contributed equally  \n*Correspondence: [drucker@lunenfeld.ca](drucker@lunenfeld.ca)[ ](drucker@lunenfeld.ca)[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.10251](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.10251)1  \nSUMMARY  \nGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) medicines are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity and reduce rates of cardiovascular disease, including stroke, in people with T2D. Substantial evidence from real-world data and clinical trials highlights the therapeutic potential of GLP-1 medicines for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Similarly, there is growing evidence for the potential utility of using GLP-1 medicines to reduce rates of smoking, or use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, or cocaine in individuals with substance use disorders. More limited clinical data suggest utility for GLP-1 medicines in patients with migraine or intracranial hypertension. The available data suggest that the use of GLP-1 medicines exhibits an acceptable safety profile in most individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we review recent clinical evidence and ongoing trials exploring the efficacy and safety of GLP-1 medicines across a broad range of neurological conditions.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) medicines, herein defined as drugs that mediate their action wholly or in part through activation of the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), are approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, associated cardiovascular and kidney disease, and metabolic liver disease.1 These agents act on GLP-1Rs in the periphery to increase insulin and inhibit glucagon secretion and in the brain to slow gastric emptying and suppress appetite, leading to weight loss.2 Semaglutide is also approved for reduction of cardiovascular and kidney disease in people with T2D and obesity and for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.3 The GLP-1 medicine tirzepatide activates both the GLP-1R and the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor (GIPR) and is also approved for T2D, obesity, and obstructive sleep apnea.3  \nDIRECT AND INDIRECT COMMUNICATION WITH THE BRAIN  \nConsiderable preclinical and clinical data support the potential therapeutic benefit of these drugs for a wide range of neurological disorders. Although GLP-1 medicines do not efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), both small peptides and larger high-molecular-weight GLP-1 medicines localize to circumventricular organs including the subfornical organ, vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, median eminence, and area postrema.4–6 Indeed, very low levels of GLP-1 medicines are de-  \ntected in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),7 with levels of CSF exenatide 100-fold lower than levels detected in the circulation.8 Despite limited penetration of GLP-1 medicines within the brain, GLP-1 medicines activate neuronal cFos expression in multiple brain regions, even within nuclei that do not express GLP-1R or or GIPR.4 ,5 Similarly, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies reveal that regions of the brain such as the hypothalamus and parietal cortex are activated by GLP-1 medicines in humans with T2D or obesity. Reduced functional activation of the fusiform gyrus and lateral ventricle has been seen in obese vs. lean individuals with T2D in response to acute administration of GLP-1 medicines such as lixisenatide.9 Hence, despite limitations in directly accessing structures beyond the BBB, peripherally ","cbCaiiLJmWNoVyOZ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiLJmWNoVyOZ","pdf",3028180,12,"English","# Summary\n# Introduction\n# Direct and indirect communication with the brain\n# GLP-1 medicines in neurodegenerative diseases","[{\"question\":\"What are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) medicines mainly used for?\",\"answer\":\"GLP-1 medicines are used for treating type 2 diabetes and obesity, and they reduce cardiovascular disease rates in people with type 2 diabetes.\"},{\"question\":\"How might GLP-1 medicines affect the brain despite limited blood-brain barrier penetration?\",\"answer\":\"The review explains that GLP-1 medicines localize to circumventricular organs and are found at very low levels in cerebrospinal fluid. They can also activate neuronal pathways, including cFos expression in multiple brain regions.\"},{\"question\":\"What evidence supports GLP-1 medicines for neurodegenerative disorders and related psychiatric conditions?\",\"answer\":\"Preclinical studies show anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in models of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Clinical evidence and ongoing trials are summarized for neurodegenerative disorders, substance use disorders, psychiatric disorders, and certain headache or stroke-related indications.\"}]","Glucagon-like peptide-1 medicines in neurological and psychiatric disorders | PDF",1790666260]