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Entries explain anatomical directions and subdivisions of the spinal cord, key cellular components such as axons and cell bodies, and functional brain regions including basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum, and speech-related cortex areas. It also covers processes like axonal degeneration and specialized meninges features, supporting foundational study of neuroanatomical terminology and relationships.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/glossary-of-neuroanatomy-terms/411858/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/glossary-of-neuroanatomy-terms/411858.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aran","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What does an adrenergic neuron do?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"An adrenergic neuron transmits at synapses by releasing adrenalin or noradrenalin.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How are anterior and posterior related to ventral and dorsal in neuroanatomy?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"In humans, anterior/posterior correspond to ventral/dorsal for body orientation (and these may be used interchangeably). In the brain, anterior/posterior describe front-to-rear position of the head, while ventral/dorsal describe position from the top of the brain toward its base.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What is the difference between an axon and the cell body?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The cell body (soma/perikaryon) contains the nucleus and most protein-synthesizing organelles. The axon is a long extension that conducts action potentials away from the cell body, with the axon hillock as the site where action potentials begin.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},411858,1791032728,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},137455076865,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","GLOSSARY OF NEUROANATOMY TERMS  \nAdrenergic neuron: neuron which transmits at synapses by the release of adrenalin or noradrenalin.  \nAnterior and posterior, ventral and dorsal (directions): in neuroanatomy these directional terms are used in two ways: (1) In humans, to mean, respectively, towards the front or the back of the erect body, which is equivalent to the more general biological terms ‘ventral’ and ‘dorsal’, applied more widely to embryos and non-bipedal vertebrates (ventral’ = towards the belly, ‘dorsal’ = towards the back) . Therefore in the spinal cord, the term ‘anterior root’ is synonymous with ‘ventral root’,‘posterior root’ with ‘dorsal root’, etc. Often the two types of description (anterior / ventral and posterior / dorsal) are used interchangeably even in the same text. (2) In the brain, which even in humans is mostly horizontal in its long axis, the terms ‘anterior’ and ‘posterior’ are used to define relative position between the front of the head and its rear (e.g. the anterior commissure is in front of the posterior commissure etc. ); then the terms ‘ventral’ and ‘dorsal’ define relative positions from the top of the brain to its base. See also: rostral and caudal.  \nAnterior horn (ventral horn): part of the grey matter of the spinal cord where motor neurons are present, seen as a antero-lateral enlargement in cross sections of the cord.  \nAnterior root: bundle of motor axons passing out of the ventro-lateral surface of the spinal cord.  \nAnterior (spinal) column: anterior (ventral) division of the spinal cord white matter carrying longitudinal axon bundles, mostly small motor tracts.  \nAnterograde axonal degeneration: degeneration of an axon after local damage, from the point of damage downstream towards the axon terminal (i.e. away from the cell body) .  \nArachnoid granulation: small projection of the arachnoid mater through the dura mater into avenous sinus around the brain. Acts like a one-way valve allowing cerebrospinal fluid to leak from the subarachnoid space back into the venous circulation.  \nArachnoid mater: thin sheet of connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord, situated between the thick dura mater externally and the very thin pia mater on the brain surface. It lies close to the dura mater, but is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space, crossed by thin strands of tissue, suggesting the appearance of a spider’s web (hence arachnoid – greek for spidery) .  \nAssociation area: part of the cerebral cortex which receives inputs from different sensory modalities, [e.g. vision](e.g. vision) and hearing.  \nAssociation tracts: tracts which interconnect different areas of a cerebral hemisphere.  \nAtaxia: inability to move properly.  \nAxon: long thin cylindrical extension of a neuron that conducts action potentials away from the neuronal cell body. (NB: rather confusingly, in the case of primary sensory neurons, the long peripheral extension is also known as an axon, although it conducts action potentials towards the cell body) .  \n©KCL  \nAxon hillock: a small conical projection from the neuronal cell body where the axon emerges. This part has special electrical properties as the site where action potentials begin.  \nAxon terminal: region of the axon where neurotransmission to another neuron at a synapse or to a muscle at a neuromuscular junction, or to some other peripheral structure e.g. a gland ) occurs.  \nBasal ganglia: non-cortical regions deep in the cerebral hemispheres where groups of neurons involved in motor control are located. They include the striatum, pallidum and associated nuclei. Involved in the selection and initiation of motor programmes, and also has cognitive importance. Different dysfunctions of these include Parkinson’s disease and Huntingon’s chorea.  \nBrainstem: narrow part of the brain between the forebrain and spinal cord, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain. Some authorities also include the thalamus, though this isnot generall","cbCainOCnbGD2kb3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainOCnbGD2kb3","pdf",77356,"English","# Glossary of Neuroanatomy Terms\n## Core neuroanatomy terminology\n## Directional terms and spinal cord subdivisions\n## Neurons and axonal concepts\n## Brain regions and functional areas","[{\"question\":\"What does an adrenergic neuron do?\",\"answer\":\"An adrenergic neuron transmits at synapses by releasing adrenalin or noradrenalin.\"},{\"question\":\"How are anterior and posterior related to ventral and dorsal in neuroanatomy?\",\"answer\":\"In humans, anterior/posterior correspond to ventral/dorsal for body orientation (and these may be used interchangeably). In the brain, anterior/posterior describe front-to-rear position of the head, while ventral/dorsal describe position from the top of the brain toward its base.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the difference between an axon and the cell body?\",\"answer\":\"The cell body (soma/perikaryon) contains the nucleus and most protein-synthesizing organelles. The axon is a long extension that conducts action potentials away from the cell body, with the axon hillock as the site where action potentials begin.\"}]","Glossary of Neuroanatomy Terms | PDF",1790589847,25]